Ubiquity and functional uniformity in CO2 concentrating mechanisms in multiple phyla of Bacteria is suggested by a diversity and prevalence of genes encoding candidate dissolved inorganic carbon transporters.

Autotrophic microorganisms catalyze the entry of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; = CO2 + HCO3- + CO32-) into the biological component of the global carbon cycle, despite dramatic differences in DIC abundance and composition in their sometimes extreme environments. "Cyanobacteria" are known to have CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to facilitate growth under low CO2 conditions. These CCMs consist of carboxysomes, containing enzymes ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase and carbonic anhydrase, partnered to DIC transporters.

An Independent Locus Upstream of Controls Variation in the Shade of the Bay Coat Colour in Horses.

Novel coat colour phenotypes often emerge during domestication, and there is strong evidence of genetic selection for the two main genes that control base coat colour in horses- and . These genes direct the type of pigment produced, red pheomelanin () or black eumelanin (), as well as the relative concentration and the temporal-spatial distribution of melanin pigment deposits in the skin and hair coat. Here, we describe a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genic regions involved in the determination of the shade of bay.

Theoretical Study of Adenine to Guanine Transition Assisted by Water and Formic Acid Using Steered Molecular Dynamic Simulations.

The free energy profile of the adenine to guanine transition in the gas and aqueous phases was obtained by applying steered molecular dynamic (SMD) simulations. Three processes were considered to explain the mechanism assisted by water and formic acid molecules. The first process is hydrolytic deamination of adenine, then oxidation of the hypoxanthine previously formed, and finally, the animation from xanthine to guanine.

Theoretical study of mechanisms for the hydrolytic deamination of cytosine steered molecular dynamic simulations.

Gibbs free energy profiles of the cytosine deamination assisted by a water molecule in a discrete aqueous medium were obtained by the application of Steered Molecular Dynamic (SMD) simulations. Two pathways were considered to explain the mechanism of this process, where the water molecule attacks the C-N bond to give an intermediate (an amino-hydroxy-oxo structure in the A-path, and a hydroxy-oxo in the B-path) as the determinant step of reaction. Stationary structures along both energy profiles were analyzed at molecular dynamics level, obtaining states with higher free energies than those from electronic calculations in the gas phase and in solution described as a continuous medium.

An Integrated Approach to Increasing Women's Empowerment and Reducing Domestic Violence: Results of a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in a West African Country.

Objective: This is the first experimental study testing the effects of an economic intervention alone and in combination with a family-focused component, on women's empowerment status and family violence in Burkina Faso.

Method: The three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial with baseline and one-year follow-up included 360 ultra-poor married women from 12 villages. Villages were randomized to the three study arms: (Trickle Up/TU), a (Trickle Up Plus), and waitlist (Control arm).

Depression in medical students: current insights.

Medical students are exposed to multiple factors during their academic and clinical study that have been shown to contribute to high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The purpose of this article was to explore the issue of depression in the medical student population, including prevalence, causes, and key issues, along with suggestions for early identification and support from one medical school in New Zealand. After establishing that the prevalence of depression is higher for medical students than the general population, the key issues explored include assessment used in the program, characteristics of the student population (such as Type A personality and perfectionism), resilience, selection procedures, students' motivation, and the nature of the clinical environment.

Improving mental health among ultra-poor children: Two-year outcomes of a cluster-randomized trial in Burkina Faso.

Rationale: There is limited evidence about interventions improving child mental health in francophone West Africa. Behavioral mental health interventions alone may have limited effects on children's emotional well-being in families living in abject poverty, especially in low-income countries.

Objective: This study tests the effects of economic intervention, alone and in combination with a family-focused component, on the mental health of children from ultra-poor households in rural Burkina Faso.

Theoretical study of enzymatically catalyzed tautomerization of carbon acids in aqueous solution: quantum calculations and steered molecular dynamics simulations.

The thermodynamics and kinetics of enzymatically assisted reactions of carbon acids were studied theoretically in this work. Quantum electronic (QE) structure calculations and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations were carried out. Three 3-butenal tautomerization reactions that proceed from the β,γ-unsaturated reactant (R) to the α,β-unsaturated carbon acid product (P) and occur in two elementary steps through an intermediate (I) were studied, ignoring or including the surrounding aqueous medium in the calculations.

A computational model of the glycine tautomerization reaction in aqueous solution.

A theoretical study of the internal proton transfer reaction of glycine (Gly) in aqueous solution was performed by means of steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation with solute-solvent interaction potentials derived from AMBER van der Waals parameters and QM/MM electrostatic charges in solution. Thermodynamic calculations and the analysis of the solvation structure, dynamic properties, and vibrational spectra associated with the species involved in the tautomerization process were performed. The results obtained for the Gibbs free energy activation and reaction (ΔG(≠) =5.

Amino acid tautomerization reactions in aqueous solution via concerted and assisted mechanisms using free energy curves from MD simulation.

A theoretical study is described of chemical reactions in solution by means of molecular dynamics simulations, with solute-solvent interaction potentials derived from AMBER van der Waals parameters and QM/MM electrostatic charges in solution. The solvent is used as the reaction coordinate, and the free energy curves to calculate the properties related to the reaction mechanism. The proposed scheme is applied to the tautomerization process in aqueous solution for some amino acids H(2)NCHR-COOH (with R = H being glycine, R = CH(3) alanine, R = CH(2)OH serine, and R = CH(2)COOH aspartic acid), focusing on the role of the solvent in the reaction (assisted versus unassisted mechanisms) and on the effect of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of the radical R on the activation and reaction energies.

Acetic acid- and phenyl-p-benzoquinone-induced overt pain-like behavior depends on spinal activation of MAP kinases, PI(3)K and microglia in mice.

The acetic acid and phenyl-p-benzoquinone are easy and fast screening models to access the activity of novel candidates as analgesic drugs and their mechanisms. These models induce a characteristic and quantifiable overt pain-like behavior described as writhing response or abdominal contortions. The knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the chosen model is a crucial step forward demonstrating the mechanisms that the candidate drug would inhibit because the mechanisms triggered in that model will be addressed.

Product angular distribution for the H + CD4 --> HD + CD3 reaction.

Using an analytical potential energy surface previously developed by our group, namely PES-2002, we analyzed the gas-phase reaction between a hydrogen atom and perdeuterated methane. We studied the effect of quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) and reduced dimensionality quantum-scattering (QM) calculations, with their respective limitations, on CD3 product angular distributions in the collision energy range 16.1-46.

Quasi-classical trajectory calculations analyzing the role of bending mode excitations of methane in the Cl + CH4 reaction.

The effects of the methane torsional (nu(2)), umbrella (nu(4)), and the combination nu(2)+nu(4) bending mode excitations on the reactivity and dynamics of the gas-phase Cl + CH(4) --> HCl + CH(3) reaction were analyzed. Quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations, including corrections to avoid zero-point energy leakage along the trajectories, were used on an analytical potential energy surface previously developed by our group. With respect to the reactivity, we found that excitation of either bending mode independently gave similar increases in the reactivity, while the increase observed upon excitation of both modes was larger than the sum of the effect of exciting them independently.

Quasiclassical trajectory calculations comparing the reactivity and dynamics of symmetric and asymmetric stretch and the role of the bending mode excitations of methane in the Cl + CH4 reaction.

To analyze the effects of the symmetric (nu(1)) and asymmetric (nu(3)) stretch mode excitations and the role played by the "umbrella" bending (nu(4)) mode excitation in the reactivity and the dynamics of the gas-phase Cl+CH(4) reaction, an exhaustive dynamics study was performed. Quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculations, including corrections to avoid zero-point energy leakage along the trajectories, were used in this work on an analytical potential energy surface previously developed by Espinosa-Garcia et al. [J.

Importance of anharmonicity, recrossing effects, and quantum mechanical tunneling in transition state theory with semiclassical tunneling. A test case: the H2 + Cl hydrogen abstraction reaction.

The hydrogen abstraction reaction from H2 by the Cl atom is studied by means of the variational transition state theory with semiclassical tunneling coefficients on the BW2 potential energy surface. Vibrational anharmonicity and coupling between the bending modes are taken into account. The occurrence of trajectories that recross the transition state is estimated by means of the canonical unified statistical method and by classical trajectories calculations.

Comparison of the cryoprotectant properties of glycerol and ethylene glycol for early (day 6) equine embryos.

Early (day 6) equine embryos (n=23) were assigned to four treatment groups to assess the cryoprotectant properties of glycerol and ethylene glycol and the effect of adding sucrose during removal of the cryoprotectant: (i) group GG (n=5) embryos were frozen and thawed using 1.5 mol glycerol l(-1) as the cryoprotectant, which was added at 22 degrees C in four steps (0.375, 0.

[Giant cementifying fibroma of the maxillary sinus. Apropos of a case].

The case of a patient presenting with a gigantiform fibrous cementoma of the maxillary sinus is described. The diagnostic, the treatment and the histologic classification of the cementifying tumours is reviewed in light of the present literature.

[Meningeal injury during surgery of the ethmoid sinus: endoscopic treatment using surgical glue].

A case of a meningeal injury with CSF leak due to intranasal ethmoidal surgery is reported. Fibrinogen glue was used for the endoscopic repair. The importance of the immediate follow-up is stressed.

[Sinusitis of the middle turbinate. Descriptive study and treatment].

The middle turbinate inflammatory disease is a well a clinical as a radiological reality which is often unknown because of the rich sinusal surrounding diseases. This pathology represents less than 2% of the total sinusal pathologies we meet daily, and it always occurs on a concha bullosa: the middle turbinate becomes a real sinusal cavity with its own diseases. The new methods of diagnosis, nasal endoscopy and CT scanning, let identifie this turbinal own pathology better than ever.

[Hazards and complications of ethmoidal surgery].

The most important publications concerning the complications following transnasal ethmoid surgery are reviewed by the authors who underline the dangers in this type of surgery: meninges, the orbit and orbital elements especially the muscles, the extra-orbital portion of the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery. A great prudence during surgical procedure is emphasized as well as the necessity of a perfect knowledge in scannographic and endoscopic anatomy of ethmoid to avoid the inflation of these complications.

[Evaluation of cochleovestibular sequelae of craniocervical injuries].

After reviewing the elements of cochleovestibular assessment designed to demonstrate objective disorders, the authors try to evaluate the principal sequelae of cranio-cervical trauma.

[Congenital intrahepatic portacaval anastomosis: analysis of manifested glucose abnormalities].

The authors report a case of a high-flow intrahepatic portacaval shunt due to a congenital venous abnormality. Suspected by digestive echography, the abnormality was confirmed by angiography. A precise analysis of glycoregulation showed an "impaired glucose tolerance", followed by post-stimulative hypoglycemia with persistant hyperinsulinemia and lowering of the C peptide/insulin ratio.

[The ductus bump. Transient dilatation of the ductus arteriosus (author's transl)].

Transient, physiologic and rare, dilatation of the ductus arteriosus in asymptomatic neonates, shown by left superior mediastinal mass. It appears only on the PA chest roentgenogram, with vascular characteristics. It disappears after three or four days of regular checking and the diagnosis is thus confirmed, cutting out any other mediastinal pathology.

[A simple evaluation of osteoporosis: study of the architecture of the upper extremity of the femur by pelvic radiography].

From the study of the architectural features of the system connecting the neck to the femoral diaphysis on pelvic radio-grams, osteoporosis can be classified into seven stages (7 to 1) of increasing severity. It is thus possible to estimate the risk of fracture, the latter being over 50 per cent from stage 4 onward. The cortex-diaphysis relationship (RCD) follows a parallel course but is less reliable.