Effects of energetic compounds on soil microbial communities and functional genes at a typical ammunition demolition site.

High concentrations of energetic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in military-contaminated sites pose a serious threat to human health and ecosystems. Better understanding about their effects on microbial diversity and functional genes in soil of ammunition demolition sites is required. In this study, the information of soil microbial community composition was obtained by metagenomic sequencing, and the impacts of energetic compounds on microbial community structure at the level of functional genes and enzymes based on Nr (Non-Redundant Protein Sequence Database), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), CAZy (Carbohydrate-Active enZymes Database) and other databases were discussed.

Biochar applications for efficient removal of energetic compound contaminants.

Military activities and the production or disposal of ammunition often lead to soil contamination with energetic compounds (ECs) such as dinitrotoluene, trinitrotoluene, and hexogen, posing significant threats to human health and the ecosystem. Biochar has emerged as a cost-effective and widely available solution for remediating contaminated sites characterized by its capacity for pollutant removal through adsorption and conversion process, along with minimal secondary pollution. This paper provides a comprehensive review of relevant literature on biochar's efficacy in eliminating ECs, including an analysis of the underlying mechanisms.

Key genomes, transcriptomes, proteins, and metabolic factors involved in the detoxification/tolerance of TNT and its intermediates by bacteria in anaerobic/aerobic environments.

Novel microbial strains capable of efficient degradation of TNT and typical intermediates (2-ADNT and 4-ADNT) in aerobic/anaerobic environment were screened and isolated from ammunition-contaminated sites. The key genomes, transcriptomes, proteins, and metabolic factors for microbial detoxification/tolerance to pollutants in anaerobic and aerobic environments were analyzed for the first time. The bacterial genome, which is rich in metabolism and environmental information-processing functional genes, provides transcriptional and translational-related proteins for detoxifying/tolerating pollutants.

Microecological characteristics of water bodies/sediments and microbial remediation strategies after 50 years of pollution exposure in ammunition destruction sites in China.

The effects of long-term ammunition pollution on microecological characteristics were analyzed to formulate microbial remediation strategies. Specifically, the response of enzyme systems, N/O stable isotopes, ion networks, and microbial community structure/function levels were analyzed in long-term (50 years) ammunition-contaminated water/sediments from a contamination site, and a compound bacterial agent capable of efficiently degrading trinitrotoluene (TNT) while tolerating many heavy metals was selected to remediate the ammunition-contaminated soil. The basic physical and chemical properties of the water/sediment (pH (up: 0.

Arsenic species in soil profiles from chemical weapons (CWs) burial sites of China: Contamination characteristics, degradation process and migration mechanism.

In this study, soil profiles and pore water from Japanese abandoned arsenic-containing chemical weapons (CWs) burial sites in Dunhua, China were analyzed to understand the distribution of arsenic (As) contamination, degradation, and migration processes. Results of As species analysis showed that the As-containing agents underwent degradation with an average rate of 87.55 ± 0.

Oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase bacteria-mediated degradation of TNT and proteomic analysis.

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a nitroaromatic compound that causes soil and groundwater pollution during manufacture, transportation, and use, posing significant environmental and safety hazards. In this study, a TNT-degrading strain, Bacillus cereus strain T4, was screened and isolated from TNT-contaminated soil to explore its degradation characteristics and proteomic response to TNT. The results showed that after inoculation with the bacteria for 4 h, the TNT degradation rate reached 100% and was transformed into 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT), and 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene (2,6-DANT), accompanied by the accumulation of nitrite and ammonium ions.

Defense mechanisms of alfalfa against cyclic tetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) stress.

Much attention has been paid to the environmental toxicity and ecological risk caused by cyclic tetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) pollution in military activity sites. In this study, the response mechanism of alfalfa plants to HMX was analyzed from the aspects of the photosynthetic system, micromorphology, antioxidant enzyme system, mineral metabolism, and secondary metabolism, in order to improve the efficiency of plant restoration. Exposure to 5 mg·L HMX resulted in a significant increase in leaf N content and a significant increase and drift of the Fourier transform infrared protein peak area.

Physiological response mechanism of alfalfa seedlings roots to typical explosive cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX).

This study explored the physiological response mechanism of alfalfa seedlings roots to a typical explosive, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), so as to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation. The response of plants to different levels of RDX were analyzed from the perspectives of mineral nutrition and metabolic networks. Exposure to RDX at 10-40 mg L had no significant effect on root morphology, but the plant roots significantly accumulated RDX in solution (17.

[Distribution Characteristics and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils of a Testing Range].

Heavy metal pollution in testing ranges is one of the most widely concerning environmental problems. The ammunition static detonation test area, the bomb falling area, and the living area of a testing range in Jilin were selected as the study objects. The contents of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in 112 topsoil samples and two soil profiles were analyzed, and their distribution characteristics and sources were analyzed in detail.

Spatial-vertical variations of energetic compounds and microbial community response in soils from an ammunition demolition site in China.

Ammunition-related activities have caused severe energetic compound (EC) contamination and pose serious risks to ecosystems. However, little is known regarding the spatial-vertical variations of ECs or their migration in soils at ammunition demolition sites. Although the toxic effect of some ECs to microorganisms have been reported through laboratory simulations, the responses of indigenous microbial communities to ammunition demolition activities are unclear.

Arsenic and heavy metals at Japanese abandoned chemical weapons site in China: distribution characterization, source identification and contamination risk assessment.

As-containing chemical weapons (CWs) and their degraded products pose a great threat to the environment and to human health. In this study, concentration and distribution characteristics, source identification, and health risk assessments were determined for As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in environmental samples from Lianhuapao (LHP), a typical site of Japanese abandoned chemical weapons (JACWs) in China. The results show that the concentration levels of As, Cr and Ni in the LHP soils are abnormally high, with 69.

Study on the composition and distribution characteristics of As in As-containing agent contaminated soil.

In recent years, China and Japan are cooperating in the destruction of the Japanese army abandoned chemical weapons in China (JACWs). During the long-term burial of JACWs, As-containing agents leaked into the environment due to the corrosion of the shell, resulting in soil As pollution. This paper studied the fraction, speciation, and composition of As in the soil polluted by the As-containing agent in Jilin, China.

Biomineralized Nano-Assemblies of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Derivative with Lanthanide Ions as Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensors for Detection of Water and Fe Ions.

An effective strategy was developed to fabricate novel lanthanide ions-pyromellitic acid-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (Ln-PMA-MPEG) nano-assemblies. The amphiphilic partially esterified derivative (PMA-MPEG) of pyromellitic acid with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) was designed and synthesized via the coupling reaction. Ln-PMA-MPEG nano-assemblies were rapidly fabricated using PMA-MPEG as a polymer ligand with Eu ions or mixed Eu/Tb ions through biomimetic mineralization in neutral aqueous systems.

Stimulus-Responsiveness of Thermo-Sensitive Polymer Hybridized with N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots and Its Applications in Solvent Recognition and Fe Ion Detection.

To fabricate N-CQDs hybrid thermo-sensitive polymer (poly-N-CQDs), N-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) with strong blue fluorescence and poly(-isopropylacrylamide--acrylic acid) (poly(NIPAAm--AAc)) copolymer with thermo-sensitivity were synthesized, respectively. Subsequently, the coupling reaction between. the -COOH groups of poly(NIPAAm--AAc) and the -NH groups on the surface of the N-CQDs was carried out.

Development of a two-in-one integrated bioassay for simultaneous and rapid on-site detection of Pb and Hg in water.

Exposure to heavy metal pollution represents a serious health risk and requires rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection to protect human health. However, the existing methods had various limitations for simultaneous detection of heavy metals. Herein, a novel two-in-one integrated bioassay was constructed for simultaneous on-site determination of Hg and Pb through combining all-fiber bicolor fluorescence biosensor (ABFB), functional nucleic acids (FNAs), and FRET.

Arsenic in soils contaminated by arsenic-containing chemical weapons in a site of Jilin, China: fraction and bioaccessibility.

At the end of World War II, the Japanese abandoned arsenic (As)-containing chemical weapons (CWs) in China. During the long-term burial process, the As-containing agents leaked into the environment due to the corrosion of weapon shells. This study explored the surface distribution, fraction composition, and bioaccessibility of As in the soil contaminated by chemical weapons in a site of Jilin Province, China.

Contamination characteristics of energetic compounds in soils of two different types of military demolition range in China.

The pollution of energetic compounds (ECs) in military ranges has become the focus of worldwide attention. However, few studies on the contamination of ECs at Chinese military ranges have been reported to date. In this study, two different types of military demolition range in China, Dunhua (DH) and Taiyuan (TY), were investigated and the ECs in their soils were determined.

Microbial community structure and metabolome profiling characteristics of soil contaminated by TNT, RDX, and HMX.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the ecotoxicity of typical explosives and their mechanisms in the soil microenvironment. Here, TNT (trinitrotoluene), RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine), and HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) were used to simulate the soil pollution of single explosives and their combination. The changes in soil enzyme activity and microbial community structure and function were analyzed in soil, and the effects of explosives exposure on the soil metabolic spectrum were revealed by non-targeted metabonomics.

Degradation of aniline in water with gaseous streamer corona plasma.

This paper demonstrated the effects and influencing factors in degrading aniline by gaseous streamer corona plasma along water surface under different discharging gas atmospheres. For aniline with an initial concentration of 100 mg l, the degradation was fastest when the reactor was not ventilated, and the degradation rate is 98.5% under 7.

A turn-on fluorescent probe based on -(rhodamine-B)-thiolactam-2--butane with ionic liquids for selective and sensitive detection of mustard gas stimulant.

Sulfur mustard (SM) is recognized as one of the most lethal warfare agents. It has the potential to seriously affect public health and safety. To employ appropriate medical countermeasures and treat victims as quickly as possible, the development of a rapid and simple SM detection technique is crucial.

Rapid activation of basic hydrogen peroxide by borate and efficient destruction of toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs).

The activation process of the B(OH)-activated HO solution and its performance toward toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs) were investigated to find an efficient way to destroy TICs and CWAs. B NMR analysis proved that B(OH) reacted rapidly with basic HO to produce peroxoborates ([B(OH)(OOH)]), and the proportional contents were closely related to the pH and temperature. O and ·O were generated, and their production increased exponentially with pH.

Bicarbonate-activated hydrogen peroxide and efficient decontamination of toxic sulfur mustard and nerve gas simulants.

C NMR spectra showed that peroxymonocarbonate (HCO) was generated in the NaHCO-activated HO solution and pH was a key factor in its production. A cycle for the bicarbonate anion was proposed as HCO→HCO → (CO)*→CO(aq)→HCO (HCO)→HCO (HCO) basing on the results of NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance, chemiluminescence analysis. In this cycle, (CO)* was the key intermediate and (CO)*→2CO+hv was the rate controlling step.

Stimulus-responsiveness and methyl violet release behaviors of poly(NIPAAm-co-AA) hydrogels chemically crosslinked with β-cyclodextrin polymer bearing methacrylates.

To fabricate thermo- and pH-sensitive hydrogels functionalized with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) moieties, β-CD polymer bearing methacrylate (CDP-g-GMA) used as a reactive and functional crosslinker was synthesized, and then copolymerized with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and acrylic acid (AA) in aqueous solution via UV-initiated free radical polymerization. The stimulus-responsiveness of the resultant hydrogels has been carried out by measuring the swelling ratio at different temperatures and pH values. The results showed that the thermo- and pH-sensitivities of the produced hydrogels were significantly dependent on the compositions of the hydrogels, and the dual sensitivities exhibited good reversible process.