A pilot randomised controlled trial of a multidomain lifestyle intervention for outpatients with chronic or severe mental illness.

Lifestyle-related problems are common in people with mental illness, contributing to a decreased life expectancy and high societal and personal burden. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness on recovery of a multidomain lifestyle intervention in patients with severe or chronic mental illnesses. Twenty transdiagnostic outpatients were 1:1 randomised in intervention or control.

The daily association between positive affect and psychotic experiences in individuals along the early stages of the psychosis continuum.

Introduction: Psychosis often develops gradually along a continuum of severity. Little is known about the role of protective factors such as positive affect (PA) in the development of psychotic experiences (PEs). This study investigated i) the temporal (between-day) and contemporaneous (within-day) daily associations between PA and PEs in individuals at different early clinical stages for psychosis and ii) whether these associations differed per clinical stage.

Daily-life stress reactivity and recovery following virtual-reality-based cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with a psychotic disorder.

Introduction: Studies have consistently demonstrated increased stress sensitivity in individuals with psychosis. Since stress sensitivity may play a role in the onset and maintenance of psychosis, this could potentially be a promising target for treatment. The current study was the first to investigate whether reactivity to and recovery from daily-life stressors in psychosis change in response to treatment, namely virtual-reality-based cognitive behavioral therapy (VR-CBT).

The associations between daily reports of loneliness and psychotic experiences in the early risk stages for psychosis.

Aim: Bi-directional associations between loneliness and psychotic experiences (PEs) have been reported, but the mechanisms underlying these associations are unknown. This study aims to explore associations between daily reports of loneliness and PEs, and test differences in this association across young adult individuals at different levels of risk for psychosis.

Methods: We analysed 90-day diary data on loneliness and PEs from N = 96 participants (mean age 24.

Individual-specific change points in circadian rest-activity rhythm and sleep in individuals tapering their antidepressant medication: an actigraphy study.

Group-level studies showed associations between depressive symptoms and circadian rhythm elements, though whether these associations replicate at the within-person level remains unclear. We investigated whether changes in circadian rhythm elements (namely, rest-activity rhythm, physical activity, and sleep) occur close to depressive symptom transitions and whether there are differences in the amount and direction of circadian rhythm changes in individuals with and without transitions. We used 4 months of actigraphy data from 34 remitted individuals tapering antidepressants (20 with and 14 without depressive symptom transitions) to assess circadian rhythm variables.

Relating stability of individual dynamical networks to change in psychopathology.

One hypothesis flowing from the network theory of psychopathology is that symptom network structure is associated with psychopathology severity and in turn, one may expect that individual network structure changes with the level of psychopathology severity. However, this expectation has rarely been addressed directly. This study aims to examine (1) the stability of individual contemporaneous symptom networks over a one-year period and (2) whether network stability is associated with a change in psychopathology.

The dynamics of social activation and suspiciousness in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis.

Introduction: Social functioning is often impaired during the ultra-high risk (UHR) phase for psychosis, but group-level studies regarding the role of social functioning in transition to psychosis are inconsistent. Exploring the inter-individual differences which underlie the association between social functioning and psychotic symptoms in this phase could yield new insights.

Objective: To examine the idiographic and dynamic association between social activation and suspiciousness in individuals at UHR for psychosis using time-series analysis.

Temporal associations between salivary cortisol and emotions in clinically depressed individuals and matched controls: A dynamic time warp analysis.

Depression can be understood as a complex dynamic system where depressive symptoms interact with one another. Cortisol is suggested to play a major role in the pathophysiology of depression, but knowledge on the temporal interplay between cortisol and depressive symptoms is scarce. We aimed to analyze the temporal connectivity between salivary cortisol and momentary affective states in depressed individuals and controls.

Testing the mood brightening hypothesis: Hedonic benefits of physical, outdoor, and social activities in people with anxiety, depression or both.

Background: The mood brightening hypothesis postulates that people with depressive symptoms report more positive affect (PA) and less negative affect (NA) than healthy controls after rewarding daily life activities. Whether mood brightening also occurs in people with anxiety symptoms remains unclear. This study examined effects of physical activity, being outdoors, and social activity on PA and NA across different levels of depression and anxiety symptoms in the general Dutch population.

Mental health, risk and protective factors at micro- and macro-levels across early at-risk stages for psychosis: The Mirorr study.

Background: The clinical staging model states that psychosis develops through subsequent stages of illness severity. To better understand what drives illness progression, more extensive comparison across clinical stages is needed. The current paper presents an in-depth characterization of individuals with different levels of risk for psychosis (i.

Dynamic symptom networks across different at-risk stages for psychosis: An individual and transdiagnostic perspective.

The clinical staging model distinguishes different stages of mental illness. Early stages, are suggested to be more mild, diffuse and volatile in terms of expression of psychopathology than later stages. This study aimed to compare individual transdiagnostic symptom networks based on intensive longitudinal data between individuals in different early clinical stages for psychosis.

Personalized versus standard cognitive behavioral therapy for fear of cancer recurrence, depressive symptoms or cancer-related fatigue in cancer survivors: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (MATCH-study).

Background: Fear of cancer recurrence, depressive symptoms, and cancer-related fatigue are prevalent symptoms among cancer survivors, adversely affecting patients' quality of life and daily functioning. Effect sizes of interventions targeting these symptoms are mostly small to medium. Personalizing treatment is assumed to improve efficacy.

Reflections on psychological resilience: a comparison of three conceptually different operationalizations in predicting mental health.

Background: Psychological resilience refers to the ability to maintain mental health or recover quickly after stress. Despite the popularity of resilience research, there is no consensus understanding or operationalization of resilience.

Objective: We plan to compare three indicators of resilience that each involve a different operationalization of the construct: a) General resilience or one's self-reported general ability to overcome adversities; b) Daily resilience as momentarily experienced ability to overcome adversities; and c) Recovery speed evident in the pattern of negative affect recovery after small adversities in daily life.

Personalizing cognitive behavioral therapy for cancer-related fatigue using ecological momentary assessments followed by automated individual time series analyses: A case report series.

Introduction: A common approach to personalizing psychological interventions is the allocation of treatment modules to individual patients based on cut-off scores on questionnaires, which are mostly based on group studies. However, this way, intraindividual variation and temporal dynamics are not taken into account. Automated individual time series analyses are a possible solution, since these can identify the factors influencing the targeted symptom in a specific individual, and associated modules can be allocated accordingly.

Overnight affective dynamics and sleep characteristics as predictors of depression and its development in women.

Study Objectives: We examined (1) differences in overnight affective inertia (carry-over of evening affect to the next morning) for positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) between individuals with past, current, and no depression; (2) how sleep duration and quality influence overnight affective inertia in these groups, and (3) whether overnight affective inertia predicts depression development.

Methods: We used data of 579 women from the East-Flanders Prospective Twin Survey. For aim 1 and 2, individuals with past (n = 82), current (n = 26), and without (lifetime) depression (n = 471) at baseline were examined.

Network dynamics of momentary affect states and future course of psychopathology in adolescents.

Background: Recent theories argue that an interplay between (i.e., network of) experiences, thoughts and affect in daily life may underlie the development of psychopathology.

Single-Subject Research in Psychiatry: Facts and Fictions.

Scientific evidence in the field of psychiatry is mainly derived from group-based ("nomothetic") studies that yield group-aggregated results, while often the need is to answer questions that apply to individuals. Particularly in the presence of great inter-individual differences and temporal complexities, information at the individual-person level may be valuable for personalized treatment decisions, individual predictions and diagnostics. The single-subject study design can be used to make inferences about individual persons.

Screening for Depression in Daily Life: Development and External Validation of a Prediction Model Based on Actigraphy and Experience Sampling Method.

Background: In many countries, depressed individuals often first visit primary care settings for consultation, but a considerable number of clinically depressed patients remain unidentified. Introducing additional screening tools may facilitate the diagnostic process.

Objective: This study aimed to examine whether experience sampling method (ESM)-based measures of depressive affect and behaviors can discriminate depressed from nondepressed individuals.

Level and timing of physical activity during normal daily life in depressed and non-depressed individuals.

Engaging in physical activity is known to reduce depressive symptoms. However, little is known which behavioral factors are relevant, and how patterns of activity change during depressive episodes. We expected that compared to controls, in depressed individuals the level of activity would be lower, the amplitude of 24-h-actigraphy profiles more dampened and daytime activities would start later.

Don't worry, be happy: Protective factors to buffer against distress associated with psychotic experiences.

Background: Around 6-7% of the general population report psychotic experiences (PEs). Positive PEs (e.g.

Cortisol dynamics in depression: Application of a continuous-time process model.

Background: The temporal dynamics of cortisol may be altered in depression. Optimally studying these dynamics in daily life requires specific analytical methods. We used a continuous-time multilevel process model to study set point (rhythm-corrected mean), variability around this set point, and regulation strength (speed with which cortisol levels regulate back to the set point after any perturbation).

Measuring resilience prospectively as the speed of affect recovery in daily life: a complex systems perspective on mental health.

Introduction: There is growing evidence that mental disorders behave like complex dynamic systems. Complex dynamic systems theory states that a slower recovery from small perturbations indicates a loss of resilience of a system. This study is the first to test whether the speed of recovery of affect states from small daily life perturbations predicts changes in psychopathological symptoms over 1 year in a group of adolescents at increased risk for mental disorders.