Nonlinear Ultrasonic Characterization of Processing Defects in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing 316L Stainless Steel.

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) 316L stainless steel unavoidably introduces defects such as porosity, oxide inclusions, and lack of fusion due to the inherent characteristics of the process. These defects can significantly affect the mechanical properties and service reliability of the material. This study focused on evaluating the defects in WAAM 316L stainless steel by nonlinear ultrasonic testing based on Lamb waves.