Seasonal Abundance of Psyllid Species on Carrots and Potato Crops in Spain.

Psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) can transmit the phloem restricted bacterium ' Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso). In Europe, Lso causes severe losses to carrot and represents a threat to the potato industry. A rising concern is Lso transmission from carrot to potato and within potato, and this has driven the need for monitoring populations of psyllid species which could serve as vectors on both crops.

Distribution and Relative Abundance of Insect Vectors of in Olive Groves of the Iberian Peninsula.

The phytosanitary emergency caused by the spread of in the Mediterranean has raised demands for a better understanding of the ecology of its presumed and candidate insect vectors. Here, we present the results of a two-year survey carried out in olive groves across southern, eastern and Central Spain and northeastern Portugal. Several sampling methods were tested and compared to select the most appropriate to estimate population levels of potential vectors of .

Association of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' with a vegetative disorder of celery in Spain and development of a real-time PCR method for its detection.

A new symptomatology was observed in celery (Apium graveolens) in Villena, Spain in 2008. Symptomatology included an abnormal amount of shoots per plant and curled stems. These vegetative disorders were associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' and not with phytoplasmas.

First Report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in Carrot in Mainland Spain.

In the summer of 2008, symptoms of leaf curling with yellow, bronze, and purple discoloration, twisting of petioles, stunting of shoots and tap roots, and proliferation of secondary roots were observed in 18 commercial carrot (Daucus carota L.) fields (~62 ha) severely infested with psyllids (mainly Bactericera sp.) from 52 fields (297 ha) located in Alicante and Albacete provinces of Spain.

First Report of Spiroplasma citri in Carrot in Europe.

In 2008 and 2009, symptoms of curling, yellow and purple discoloration of leaves, stunting of shoots and tap roots, and formation of bunchy, fibrous secondary roots were observed in commercial carrot (Daucus carota L.) fields located in several production areas of Spain (Alicante, Albacete, Segovia, and Valladolid). Incidence of this disease was almost 100% in individual affected fields.

Electrochemical and spectroscopic investigation of counterions exchange in polyelectrolyte brushes.

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is employed to characterize the transport of redox-active probe ions through quenched polyelectrolyte brushes. The counterion exchange through polyelectrolyte brushes is also investigated by infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), X-ray photolectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The synthesis of poly(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC) brushes is performed using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization followed by in situ quaternization reaction.

Synthesis and swelling behavior of pH-responsive polybase brushes.

We synthesize polybase brushes and investigate their swelling behavior. Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)) (PDMAEMA) brushes are prepared by the "grafting from" method using surface-initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization to obtain dense brushes with relatively monodisperse chains (PDI = 1.35).

Paramesocolic hernias: consequences of delayed diagnosis. Report of three new cases.

Background: If internal hernias account for less than 1% of the causes of intestinal obstruction, the paraduodenal or paramesocolic hernias (PMH) represent 50% of the 500 published as of the year 2000. Despite their congenital character, they are diagnosed more frequently in adulthood, with a mean age of 38 years at diagnosis. In the last few years, diagnoses are being made earlier.

[Left paramesocolic hernia with retroperitoneal incarceration of jejunum].

We present a case left paramesocolic hernia and review the literature. The patients was a 14 years old male and had suffered periods of relapses into abdominal pain from the age of three. When for years old he was operated on using the Nisses technique.

[Ureteral valve associated with pyeloureteral stenosis].

We report a case of ureteric valve associated with pyeloureteral obstruction, exhibited as fistula after pyeloplasty. We analyst different features of ureteric valves: anatomical, location, symptoms and associated congenital anomalies. The writer consider necessary to achieve the sounding of ureteral stretch during the operation of pyeloplasty.

[Esophageal atresia associated with cystic duplication of the esophagus].

A rare case of esophageal atresia associated with esophageal duplication cyst is reported. The cyst duplication was recognized and successfully resected at primary thoracotomy for repair of esophageal atresia. This case is believed to be the second reported instance where both lesions could be treated concomitantly at first thoracotomy.

Portoenterostomy diversion. Experimental study in antireflux technique.

Ascending cholangitis was induced in dogs by performing a biliodigestive Roux-Y anastomosis. Then two valvular antireflux mechanisms were performed on separate groups of these dogs with the aim of preventing the onset of ascending cholangitis. One was performed by a laterolateral plicature at the intestinal anastomosis and the other by invagination of the mucosa in the nonworking loop that had been anastomosed to the bile duct.