RAB4B and Japanese encephalitis virus E protein interaction is essential for viral entry in early endosomes.

RAB4B (Ras-Related GTP-Binding Protein 4b) is essential for intracellular trafficking and endosomal recycling processes. Our previous study, we demonstrated that RAB4B promotes Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication in PK15 cells. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the role of RAB4B in JEV internalization remain unclear.

The Japanese encephalitis virus NS1' protein facilitates virus infection in mosquitoes.

Background: The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is known for its capacity to cause severe neurological disease in Asia. Neurotropic flaviviruses within the Japanese encephalitis (JE) serogroup possess the distinctive feature of expressing a unique nonstructural protein, NS1'. The NS1' protein consists of the full NS1 protein with an additional 52 amino acid extension at the C-terminus and has been demonstrated to exhibit virulence in mammalian hosts upon infection.

A novel neutralizing antibody recognizing a conserved conformational epitope in PDCoV S1 protein and its therapeutic efficacy in piglets.

Unlabelled: Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an enteric pathogen that burdens the global pig industry and is a public health concern. The development of effective antiviral therapies is necessary for the prevention and control of PDCoV, yet to date, there are few studies on the therapeutic potential of PDCoV-neutralizing antibodies. Here, we investigate the therapeutic potential of a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb 4A6) which targets the PDCoV S1 protein and effectively neutralizes PDCoV, both pre- and post-attachment on cells, with IC50 values of 0.

Efficacy of a reduced-dosage PRRS MLV vaccine against a NADC34-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Introduction: After being discovered for the first time in China in 2017, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) NADC34-like strains have become the prevalent strain of PRRSV in certain regions of China. Our previous study showed that reduced Ingelvac PRRS MLV vaccination dosages against NADC30-like PRRSV had a better protection effect than the normal dosage. However, the protective effect of reduced dosages vaccination of Ingelvac PRRS MLV against NADC34-like PRRSV is unclear.

Interplay of swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus and the host intrinsic and innate immunity.

Swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), a novel HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin, is a newly emerged swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes severe diarrhoea in piglets. SADS-CoV has a broad cell tropism with the capability to infect a wide variety of cells from human and diverse animals, which implicates its ability to hold high risks of cross-species transmission. The intracellular antiviral immunity, comprised of the intrinsic and innate immunity, represents the first line of host defence against viral infection prior to the onset of adaptive immunity.

Development and immunogenicity evaluation of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium delivering porcine Deltacoronavirus S1 gene.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets, the development of novel vaccines is of great value in the prevention and control of PDCoV. Here, we selected attenuated Salmonella typhimurium SL7207 to deliver pVAX1-S1, resulting in the oral vaccine strain, SL7207 (pVAX1-S1). In immunized mice, SL7207 (pVAX1-S1) induced PDCoV-specific humoral IgG, IgA, neutralizing antibodies, mucosal sIgA, up-regulation of CD8 T cells, and increased levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2).

A novel linear B cell epitope of the porcine circovirus type 3 capsid protein identified by phage display technology.

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is endemic in swine worldwide and causes reproductive disorders, dermatitis and nephrotic syndrome, and multi-organ inflammation. PCV3 capsid protein (Cap) can self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), and is an ideal candidate for vaccines and diagnostic reagents.In this study, the recombinant PCV3 Cap protein was successfully expressed in E.

Evaluation of cross-protection of a reduced-dose PRRS MLV vaccine against the NADC30-like PRRSV challenge.

Introduction: At present, the NADC30-like strain has become the prevalent strain of PRRSV in China. Many studies have found that existing commercial vaccines are ineffective or provide only limited protection. No study has investigated the cross-protection of different dosages of commercial MLV vaccines against NADC30-like PRRSV.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) during 2020-2022 and Isolation of a Variant Recombinant PEDV Strain.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute, highly contagious, and infectious disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PEDV can affect pigs of all ages, with 50~100% mortality in neonatal piglets and substantial economic losses in the swine industry. In the present study, 347 fecal and intestinal samples were collected from seven regions in China during 2020-2022.

Rab4b Promotes Cytolethal Distending Toxin from -Induced Cytotoxicity in PK-15 Cells.

cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our laboratory's previous work demonstrated that GTPase 4b (Rab4b) is a key host protein implicated in CDT-induced cytotoxicity. This study investigated the probable involvement of Rab4b in the process.

EspP2 Regulates the Adhesion of via Rap1 Signaling Pathway.

Different levels of EspP2 expression are seen in strains of with high and low pathogenicity. As a potential virulence factor for , the pathogenic mechanism of EspP2 in infection of host cells is not clear. To begin to elucidate the effect of on virulence, we used SC1401 in its wild-type form and SC1401, which was made -deficient.

Sialic acids as attachment factors in mosquitoes mediating Japanese encephalitis virus infection.

The role of mosquitoes in the transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is crucial, yet the mechanisms of JEV infection in these vectors remain unclear. Previous research has indicated that various host factors participate in JEV infection. Herein, we present evidence that mosquito sialic acids enhance JEV infection both and .

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of the Gene in U251 Cell Inhibits Virus Replication.

Human antigen R (HuR) is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the post-transcriptional reaction of its target mRNAs. HuR is a critical factor in cancer development and has been identified as a potential target in many cancer models. It participates in the viral life cycle by binding to viral RNAs.

HSP90AB1 is a host factor that promotes porcine deltacoronavirus replication.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus. It causes mortality in neonatal piglets and is of growing concern because of its broad host range, including humans. To date, the mechanism of PDCoV infection remains poorly understood.

CD4 is an important host factor for Japanese encephalitis virus entry and replication in PK-15 cells.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus that is spread through mosquito bites and is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. JEV can infect a variety of cell types; however, crucial receptor molecules remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether porcine CD4 protein is a receptor protein that impacts JEV entry into PK15 cells and subsequent viral replication.

Metabolome and Transcriptome Combinatory Profiling Reveals Fluconazole Resistance Mechanisms of and the Role of Farnesol in Fluconazole Tolerance.

is a basidiomycete yeast that is pathogenic to humans and animals, and fluconazole-resistant strains have recently increased. Farnesol secreted by fungi is a factor that causes variations in fluconazole resistance; however, few studies have explored the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to delineate the fluconazole resistance mechanisms of and explore farnesol's effects on these processes.

Porcine deltacoronavirus enters ST cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and does not require Rab5, Rab7, or Rab11.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerged enteric virus threatening pig industries worldwide. Our previous work showed that PDCoV enters porcine kidney (PK-15) cells through a caveolae-dependent pathway, but the entry mechanism for PDCoV into swine testicle (ST) cells remains unclear. Mechanisms of virus entry can be different with different virus isolates and cell types.

HSP90AB1 Is a Host Factor Required for Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Infection.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is an important swine enteric coronavirus causing viral diarrhea in pigs of all ages. Currently, the development of antiviral agents targeting host proteins to combat viral infection has received great attention. The heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a critical host factor and has important regulatory effects on the infection of various viruses.

Phylogenetic Analysis and Serological Investigation of Porcine Circovirus Indicates Frequent Infection with Various Subtypes.

Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are notorious for triggering severe diseases in pigs and causing serious economic losses to the swine industry. In the present study, we undertook a comprehensive approach for the investigation of PCV prevalence, including the phylogenetic analysis of obtained PCV sequences, the determination of major circulating genotypes and serological screening based on different recombinant Cap proteins with specific immunoreactivity. Epidemiological surveillance data indicate that PCV2d and PCV3a are widely distributed in Southwest China, while PCV4 has only sporadic circulation.

Upregulation of occludin by cytolethal distending toxin facilitates adhesion to respiratory tract cells.

Virulent may engender systemic infection characterized by fibrinous polyserositis and pneumonia. causes systemic disease through upper respiratory tract infection, but the mechanism has not been fully characterized. Tight junction (TJ) proteins maintain the integrity and impermeability of the epithelial barriers.