Time resolved FRET measurement in various heterogeneous media using merocyanine dye as a donor.

Ultrafast fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from a merocyanine dye to a Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecule in micelles formed by the surfactants SDS and DTAB and also in a catanionic vesicle formed by SDS and DTAB has been studied by picosecond time resolved emission spectroscopy. Here the dye acts as a donor molecule and R6G acts as the acceptor molecule. Multiple timescales of FRET have been detected, namely, an ultrafast component of 100-500 ps and relatively long component (1800-3300 ps).

An electronic spectroscopic study of micellisation of surfactants and solvation of homomicelles formed by cationic or anionic surfactants using a solvatochromic electron donor acceptor dye.

Solvatochromic absorption and fluorescence bands of a donor-acceptor dye have been utilised for following the micellisation and for probing the polarity of the aqueous homomicellar phase provided separately by cationic (cetyltrimethylammonimum bromide, CTAB and dodecyltrimethylammonimum bromide, DTAB) and anionic (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) surfactant. Results indicate that for a low concentration of surfactant (below cmc) the dye forms a dimer in aqueous solution. In a micellar media, however, the dye exists as monomers.

Synthesis of a polymer bearing several coumarin dyes along the side chain and study of its fluorescence in pure and binary solvent mixtures as well as aqueous surfactant solutions.

A copolymer bearing several pendent dyes (coumarin derivatives) along the side chain has been synthesized, and its fluorescence parameters have been monitored in pure solvents and also as a function of composition of binary solvent mixtures. Fluorescence parameters (the maximum energy of fluorescence, quantum yield, and rate constant for the decay of the excited state) of the free fluorophore show significant dependence on the nature of the immediate environment around it. The value of a parameter measured in neat solvent for the fluorophore covalently bound to the polymer is different from that of the free fluorophore, indicating that the polymer chain influences the spectroscopic properties of the dye.

Interaction of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal ions with a ketocyanine dye: a comparative electronic spectroscopic study.

Interaction of a dye which is structurally similar to a ketocyanine dye with metal ions (alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal) has been studied by monitoring the electronic absorption, steady state and time resolved fluorescence parameters of the dye. The dye (S(0) state) forms a 1:1 complex with cations as indicated by the appearance of a new band at a longer wavelength. Equilibrium constant and other thermodynamic parameters for complexation have been determined.

Ketocyanine dyes as sensors for proticity and pH of a medium.

Photophysical properties of two structurally similar ketocyanine dyes have been studied in aprotic+protic (dioxane+water, tetrahydrofuran+water) and protic+protic (methanol+water) solvent mixtures. The observed photophysical properties of these dyes show different trends with an increase in solvent polarity (in the E(T)(30) scale) in aprotic and protic media. The H-bonding at the carbonyl centres of the dyes in the excited state presumably plays a role in modifying the emitting state and hence the photophysical properties show similar trend in a protic solvent or in a mixed aprotic+protic solvent at higher percentage of the later.

Photophysics of representative ketocyanine dyes: dependence on molecular structure.

Spectral properties of a new fluorescent ketocyanine dye have been discussed. The energy of maximum absorption/fluorescence of the dye exhibits bathochromic shift with increasing polarity of the medium. Both dipolarity-polarisability and hydrogen bond donation interaction contribute to solvation of the dye.

Interaction of ketocyanine dye with a Co2+ ion: an electronic spectroscopic study.

The interaction of a ketocyanine dye with a cobalt(II) ion has been studied in solution by monitoring the electronic absorption and emission spectral characteristics of the dye. A new absorption band at a longer wavelength appears in solutions containing cobalt(II) ions. An isosbestic point is observed for systems containing a fixed dye concentration and varying Co(2+) ion concentration, pointing to the formation of a complex.

Fluorimetric study of water-ethanol interaction and its effect on the micellisation of sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of bovine serum albumin.

The model for self-association of ethanol in water which was established earlier by compressibility and infrared absorption measurements, has been further supported in the present work by monitoring fluorimetrically the variation of the solvatochromic Kamlet-Taft pi* parameter of ethanol-water mixtures over the entire mole fraction range. This model has been used to interpret the variation of the critical micellisation concentration (cmc) of sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous ethanol mixtures (as obtained from the tryptophan fluorescence intensity of BSA) in low ethanol mole fraction range.

Electronic spectroscopic study of solvation of a ketocyanine dye in ternary solvent mixtures.

Solvation characteristics in ternary solvent mixtures have been studied by monitoring the solvent-sensitive electronic absorption band of a ketocyanine dye in two ternary solvent mixtures, water + ethanol + benzene and water + ethanol + cyclohexane, in which one of the pairs are partially miscible. Investigations have been done in a completely miscible region including the binodal curve. The maximum energy of absorption (E) of the solute in a ternary solvent mixture differs significantly from the mole fraction average of the E-values in the component solvents.

Use of fluorescence probes for studying Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters of micellar system formed by binary mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton-X 100.

Fluorescence probes have been used to estimate Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters alpha and pi* representing hydrogen-bond donation ability and dipolarity/polarizability, respectively, of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-Triton X 100 (TX100) mixed aggregates with varying compositions. The hydrogen-bond donation ability of the mixed aggregate has been found to increase with SDS composition, whereas the dipolarity/polarizability parameter decreases. The relative contribution of electrostatic and steric effect toward the total free energy of micellization have been calculated for the mixture.

UV-visible spectroscopic study of solvation in ternary solvent mixtures: ketocyanine dye in methanol + acetone + water and methanol + acetone + benzene.

Solvation characteristics of a ketocyanine dye have been studied in completely miscible ternary solvent mixtures, namely, methanol + acetone + water and methanol + acetone + benzene, by monitoring the solvatochromic absorption band of the dye. The maximum energy of absorption (E) of the solute in a ternary solvent mixture differs significantly from the mole fraction average of the E values in the component solvents. Results in the corresponding binary solvent mixtures also show a deviation of the E value from the mole fraction averaged E values.

Fluorimetric study of interaction of merbromin with trypsin.

Interaction of merbromin with trypsin is of bovine origin has been studied by monitoring the absorption steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectral properties of the dye. Studies have been done in media of varying pH at different trypsin concentrations. It has been observed that trypsin brings about a quenching of fluorescence of the dye.

Ground and excited state complexation of ketocyanine dyes with alkaline earth metal ions.

Electronic absorption and emission spectral characteristics of two ketocyanine dyes have been studied in solution in the presence of alkaline earth metal ions. Absorption spectral studies indicate complex formation between the ions and the dyes in the ground state. Values of the equilibrium constant and the enthalpy change characterizing dye (S0)-metal ion interaction have been determined from the absorption spectral data.

Spectroscopic study of association of a hemicyanine dye in mixed aqueous binary solvents.

Electronic absorption and steady state emission properties of a hemicyanine dye [4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-1-docosylpyridinium bromide], have been studied in several pure solvents and two mixed binary solvents (water+ethanol and water+acetonitrile). In pure solvents the band-width of the absorption spectrum correlates well with the Stoke's shift. In mixed aqueous solvents two different molecular forms of the solute, viz.

Lithium ion-ketocyanine dye interactions in the ground and excited states.

Electronic absorption and emission spectral characteristics of a ketocyanine dye have been studied in solution in the presence of lithium perchlorate. Absorption spectral studies indicate complex formation between lithium ion and the dye in the ground state. The value of the equilibrium constant along with the molar absorbance of the absorbing species has been determined for the dye-cation interaction.

Influence of a neutral polymer (PVP) on the solvatochromic properties of SDS micelles.

In the present work, we have studied the influence of a water-soluble neutral polymer (poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidin-2-one, PVP) on the Kamlet-Taft polarity parameters of sodium n-dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. We have used pyrene as an independent dipolarity/polarizability (pi parameter) descriptor molecule. It has been found that the addition of polymer (0.

Use of a solvatochromic probe for study of solvation in ternary solvent mixture.

Solvation characteristics of 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-1-pyridino)phenolate in completely miscible ternary solvent mixtures (viz., methanol + acetone + water, methanol + acetone + benzene, and methanol + chloroform + benzene) have been studied by using an electronic spectroscopic procedure. The transition energy (E) corresponding to the charge-transfer band maximum of the solute in a ternary solvent mixture differs significantly from the average E-values in the component solvents weighted by the mole fraction of the solvents.

UV-vis spectroscopic study of interaction of metal ions with the E(T)(30) dye involving micellar media.

Interaction between 3d-transition metal ions (Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) and the E(T)(30) dye, 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl 1-pyridino)phenolate in aqueous medium have been studied by distributing the dye between the aqueous and micellar phase formed by cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB). Values of equilibrium constant K for the dye-metal ion interaction and the partition coefficient of the dye between the micellar and the aqueous phase have been determined. K values show a systematic correlation with ionic potential of metal ions.

Novel fluorescent probe as aggregation predictor and micro-polarity reporter for micelles and mixed micelles.

Aggregational behaviour of micelles sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS and Triton X-100, TX-100 both in pure and mixed form) and micelle like aggregates such as polymer-surfactant system [polymer poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), PVP]-SDS have been studied by using fluorescence characteristics of a newly synthesized probe. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values determined at various surfactant compositions are lower than the ideal values indicating a synergistic effect. The value of the interaction parameter for the surfactant mixture has been determined which agrees well with the value calculated according to molecular thermodynamic theory.

Studies of solvation in homogeneous and heterogeneous media by electronic spectroscopic method.

Solvation characteristics in homogenous (pure and mixed binary solvents) and heterogeneous media (aqueous micelles, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrine solutions) have been studied by monitoring the emission characteristics of a newly synthesised dye. The longest wavelength absorption and emission band of the dye arise due to transition between S(0) and S(1) state. The maximum energy of electronic transition involving intramolecular charge transfer is found to be dependent on both the hydrogen-bond donating ability and the polarity-polarisability in pure solvent.

Absorption spectral band width of charge transfer transition of E(T)(30) dye in homogeneous and heterogeneous media.

Solvation characteristics in homogeneous and heterogeneous media have been probed by monitoring the band width of ICT band of 2,6-di-phenyl-4(2,4,6-triphenyl-1-pyridino) phenolate, the indicator solute for E(T)(30) scale, in pure, mixed binary solvents and aqueous micellar solution. Non-ideal solvation behaviour is observed in all the binary solvent mixtures. Index of preferential solvation has been calculated as a function of solvent composition.