Vancomycin-Induced Kidney Injury: Animal Models of Toxicodynamics, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Translation, and Potential Strategies for Prevention.

Vancomycin is a recommended therapy in multiple national guidelines. Despite the common use, there is a poor understanding of the mechanistic drivers and potential modifiers of vancomycin-mediated kidney injury. In this review, historic and contemporary rates of vancomycin-induced kidney injury (VIKI) are described, and toxicodynamic models and mechanisms of toxicity from preclinical studies are reviewed.