Online citizen petitions related to COVID-19 in South Korean cities: a big data analysis.

What do citizens demand of their governing bodies to cope with the spread of emerging infectious diseases after recognizing the growing danger? What are the similarities and differences in political participation via online citizen petitions regarding COVID-19 across cities with different degrees of pandemic experience? This study aims to answer these questions by examining citizen petitions regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in urban areas of South Korea. The pattern of citizens' requests is a part of integrative socio-ecological and political systems with spatial and temporal dimensions. We compare the pattern of online citizen petitions in four Korean cities, namely Seoul, Busan, Daegu, and Incheon, some of which were epicenters of the COVID-19 outbreak.

Understanding the multifaceted roles of the phosphoenolpyruvate: Phosphotransferase system in regulation of Salmonella virulence using a mutant defective in ptsI and crr expression.

The phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) catalyzes the translocation of sugar substrates with their concomitant phosphorylation in bacteria. In addition to its intrinsic role in sugar transport and metabolism, numerous recent studies report the versatility of the PTS to interconnect energy and signal transduction in response to sugar availability. In this study, the role of PTS in Salmonella virulence regulation was explored.