Determination of the Normative Value of Fetal Left Brachiocephalic Vein Diameter Using Ultrasound in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India.

Introduction: Fetal ultrasound plays a vital role in prenatal care by offering key insights into fetal growth and facilitating the early identification of congenital abnormalities. Among various anatomical structures, the fetal left brachiocephalic vein (FLBCV) plays a significant role in fetal circulation, yet normative data for FLBCV dimensions are limited, particularly in diverse populations. This study aims to establish normative values for FLBCV diameter in fetuses between 18 and 23 weeks of gestation in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India.

An In-Vitro Optical Sensor Designed to Estimate Glycated Hemoglobin Levels.

The purpose of this research was to design an optical sensor for evaluating glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) percentages in hemoglobin. The A1c sensors available in the market use invasive methods, while our device offers the possibility of non-invasive monitoring of HbA1c levels in diabetic patients. A prototype is assembled using two light emitting diodes with peak emission wavelengths of 535 nm and 593 nm, a photodiode, and a microcontroller.

An Electrochemical Glucose Sensor Based on Zinc Oxide Nanorods.

A glucose electrochemical sensor based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods was investigated. The hydrothermal sol-gel growth method was utilized to grow ZnO nanorods on indium tin oxide-coated glass substrates. The total active area of the working electrode was 0.