Robust anion exchange membranes based on ionic liquid grafted chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/quaternary ammonium functionalized silica for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.

In this study, 1-bromohexyl-1methylpiperidinium bromide (Br-6-MPRD) ionic liquid grafted quaternized chitosan (QCS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blends were composited with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTMAC) quaternized silica (QSiO) at different dosages. Glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinked the membranes and then processed into hydroxide form with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. The resultant IL-QCS/PVA/QSiO membranes exhibit significantly improved ionic conductivity, moderate water absorption and swelling ratio compared with the pristine IL-QCS/PVA anion exchange membrane (AEM).

NO dynamics in the western Arctic Ocean during the summer of 2017.

The western Arctic Ocean (WAO) has experienced increased heat transport into the region, sea-ice reduction, and changes to the WAO nitrous oxide (NO) cycles from greenhouse gases. We investigated WAO NO dynamics through an intensive and precise NO survey during the open-water season of summer 2017. The effects of physical processes (i.

A Comprehensive Review of Recent Studies on Herb-Drug Interaction: A Focus on Pharmacodynamic Interaction.

Objectives: The concomitant use of herbal and conventional drugs accelerates the possibility of clinically significant herb-drug interactions (HDIs). This paper aims to analyze the current status of HDI studies worldwide and to review studies on HDI-induced pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions.

Methods: HDI studies published from 2000 to 2014 and indexed in PubMed were categorized according to publication year, area/country, study methods and objectives, and disease categories.