Sustainable Catalytic Transformation of Biomass-Derived 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), one of the most important platform molecules in biorefinery, can be directly obtained from a vast diversity of biomass materials. Owing to the reactive functional groups (-CHO and -CH OH) in the structure, this versatile building block undertakes several transformations to provide a wealth of high value-added products. Among numerous well-established paradigms, the catalytic hydrogenation of 5-HMF towards 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran (BHMTHF) is of great interest because this downstream diol can be exploited in a wide range of industrial applications.

Induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibits drug-induced apoptosis in the human leukemic cell line HL-60.

Background: Leukemic cells originate from hypoxic bone marrow, which protects them from anti-cancer drugs. Although many factors that cause drug resistance in leukemic cells have been studied, the effect of hypoxia on drug-induced apoptosis is still poorly understood.

Methods: In this study, we examined the effect of hypoxia on anti-leukemic drug resistance in leukemic cell lines treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)), a hypoxia-mimetic agent.