Determination of the occurrence of and exposure to bisphenol A and its analogues in carbonated beverages and canned tuna using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry.

Bisphenol A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor, is commonly used in food containers and packaging. Recently, alternatives such as bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB), and bisphenol E (BPE) have been introduced to replace BPA. However, these substitutes have been reported to exhibit toxicity levels similar to BPA.

Occurrence and risk assessment of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, dinophysistoxin-2, and dinophysistoxin-3 in seafood from South Korea.

The okadaic acid (OA)-group toxins, including OA, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), and dinophysistoxin-3 (DTX3), cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning in humans. To manage OA-group toxins more strictly, Korean regulations were recently revised to consider OA, DTX1, DTX2, and DTX3 combined. Thus, our study characterized the occurrence of OA, DTX1, DTX2, and DTX3 in seafood distributed across South Korea, and a risk assessment of seafood consumption was conducted.

Simultaneous determination of 17 regulated and non-regulated Fusarium mycotoxins co-occurring in foodstuffs by UPLC-MS/MS with solid-phase extraction.

Fusarium species produce numerous mycotoxins known to co-occur in food. While some of these mycotoxins (e.g.

Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea.

Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol are major type B trichothecenes and the most frequently occurring mycotoxins worldwide. Their 3-β-d-glucoside forms have recently become a safety management issue. These glucoside conjugates are converted back to the parent toxins during human digestion, but studies to confirm their bioavailability are lacking.

Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Plant-Derived Natural Compounds against .

is a facultative parasite that contaminates several important food crops at both the pre- and post-harvest stages. Moreover, it is an opportunistic animal and human pathogen that causes aspergillosis diseases. also produces the polyketide-derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolite aflatoxin, which negatively impacts global food security and threatens human and livestock health.

Natural Occurrence of Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC-MS/MS.

mycotoxins including alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), are ubiquitous contaminants in agricultural products. A method for the simultaneous determination of these six toxins by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with solid phase extraction (SPE) was validated in rice, sesame, tomato, and apple juice matrices. The performance of the method was evaluated in terms of linearity ( > 0.

Plant-based natural flavonoids show strong inhibition of aflatoxin production and related gene expressions correlated with chemical structure.

Aflatoxins are strong carcinogenic and mutagenic fungal metabolites, and aflatoxin contamination is a critical issue in agriculture and food production. Natural flavonoids can suppress aflatoxin biosynthesis; however, the structure-activity relationship remains unclear. In the present study, a total of 36 structurally related natural flavonoids were tested against the aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus, both in-vitro and in-situ (on maize kernels), to investigate their structure-activity relationship and biological activity.

Mycotoxins in soybean-based foods fermented with filamentous fungi: Occurrence and preventive strategies.

Fermented soybean products are widely consumed worldwide, and their popularity is increasing. Filamentous fungi, such as Actinomucor, Aspergillus, Monascus, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Zymomonas, play critical roles in the fermentation processes of many soybean foods. However, besides producing essential enzymes for food fermentation, filamentous fungi can release undesirable or even toxic metabolites into the food.

Simple chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in Korean fermented soybean products doenjang, ganjang, and gochujang, with comparison of derivatization methods.

Korean fermented soybean products doenjang, ganjang, and gochujang are vulnerable to contamination with aflatoxigenic fungi in the open fermentation environment. Therefore, simple and effective methods to determine aflatoxins (AFs) in these complex food matrices are needed. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using two derivatization methods for AF determination in three fermented soybean products was optimized and validated.

Contamination characteristics and risk assessment of aflatoxins in homemade soybean paste, a traditional fermented soybean food, in South Korea.

Soybean paste is manufactured through microbial fermentation and may become contaminated with aflatoxins. Herein, we conducted nationwide large-scale monitoring (n = 1436) over three years (2018-2020) to investigate aflatoxin levels according to geographic, demographic, manufacturing, quality factors, and risk characteristics of homemade soybean paste produced through fermentation. The mean level of total aflatoxins was 5.

Effect of plant-based compounds on the antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic efficiency of strobilurins against Aspergillus flavus.

Aflatoxins are a group of carcinogenic and mutagenic fungal secondary metabolites that have threatened human health and global food security. Aflatoxin contamination can be controlled by applying fungicides, such as strobilurins. Although these compounds have been effective, they may be risky to the environment due to their wide usage.

Transcriptomic responses of Aspergillus flavus to temperature and oxidative stresses during aflatoxin production.

Aflatoxin is a group of polyketide-derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus that negatively impact global food security and threaten the health of both humans and livestock. Aflatoxin biosynthesis is strongly affected by the fungal developmental stage, cultivation conditions, and environmental stress. In this study, a novel float culture method was used to examine the direct responses of the A.

A float culture method for fungal secondary metabolism study using hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride membranes.

Fungal metabolism is affected by both the developmental stage and cultivation conditions. Fungal growth in solid culture reflects natural conditions more closely than growth in liquid culture; however, because the mycelium cannot be harvested easily and the medium composition cannot be modified during incubation, the approach has some limitations when compared to liquid culture methods. The float culture incubation method introduced herein enables fungus to develop similar colonies to those on solid culture.

Alternative Oxidase: A Potential Target for Controlling Aflatoxin Contamination and Propagation of .

Aflatoxins are among the most hazardous natural cereal contaminants. These mycotoxins are produced by spp. as polyketide secondary metabolites.

Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol, and Their Glucosides in Korean Market Foods and Estimation of Their Population Exposure through Food Consumption.

Major type B trichothecene mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and their respective glucoside conjugates, deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucose (DON3G) and nivalenol-3-β-D-glucose (NIV3G), are present in food products, such as cereals, legumes, and their processed products. Thus, here, DON, NIV, and their 3-β-D-glucosides were monitored in 506 Korean market foods, and exposure to these mycotoxins was estimated in the population consuming these foods. The accuracy and precision of our method, which simultaneously determined four toxins, were 80.

Comparison of the Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Potential of Liquid and Vapor Phase of Essential Oil against .

The antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity of essential oil (EO) against was evaluated over a range of concentrations in vapor- and liquid-phase contact tests. Total reduction in mycelial growth in the vapor- and liquid-phase tests was detected at EO concentrations of 20 and 400 μg/mL, respectively. Treatment with 10 μg/mL EO reduced aflatoxin production by 97.

Simple validated method for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and their 3-β-D-glucosides in baby formula and Korean rice wine via HPLC-UV with immunoaffinity cleanup.

A simple and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of major type B trichothecene mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), along with their 3-β-d-glucosides (DON-3-glucoside (DON3G) and NIV-3-glucoside (NIV3G)) in baby formula and Korean rice wine was validated in the present study. The method was based on immunoaffinity cleanup followed by analysis using an HPLC-UV technique. The method was validated in-house for two matrices as follows: linearity (R > 0.

Modern analytical methods for the detection of food fraud and adulteration by food category.

This review provides current information on the analytical methods used to identify food adulteration in the six most adulterated food categories: animal origin and seafood, oils and fats, beverages, spices and sweet foods (e.g. honey), grain-based food, and others (organic food and dietary supplements).