Evaluating the efficacy and safety of 2-methoxy-6-methylpyridine: a promising topical agent for gallstone dissolution in a porcine model.

While methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) remains the sole clinical topical agent for gallstone dissolution, its utility is limited due to side effects, largely stemming from its relatively low boiling point (55°C). In this study, we introduced 2-methoxy-6-methylpyridine (MMP), a novel gallstone-dissolving compound featuring an aromatic moiety and a substantially higher boiling point (156°C), designed to mitigate these side effects. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and potential toxicities of MMP compared to MTBE using both in vitro and in vivo models.

Optimal thrombin injection method for the treatment of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm.

Background: Iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysm (IFP) incidence is increasing with increase in diagnostic and therapeutic angiography, and so, the less invasive percutaneous thrombin injection (PTI) is the most widely used treatment. Moreover, studies that minimize PTI complications and highlight therapeutic effects are lacking.

Objectives: This study performed in vitro thrombosis modeling of pseudoaneurysms and analyzed thrombosis within and thromboembolism outside the sac during thrombin injection.

Effect of Dialysis on Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Transactivating Activity in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Purpose: Elevated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transactivating (AHRT) activity and uremia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) may interact with each other, further complicating the disease course. In this study, we prospectively estimated serum AHRT activity using a highly sensitive cell-based AhR-dependent luciferase activity assay in CKD patients and compared differences therein according to treatment modality.

Materials And Methods: Patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) (n=22) and hemodialysis (HD) (n=38) and patients with pre-dialysis CKD stage IV or V (n=28) were included.

Analysis of Methylation in Bowel Lavage Fluid for the Detection of Colorectal Neoplasm.

Background/aims: methylation was previously reported as a sensitive serologic biomarker for the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether methylation is detectable in precancerous lesions and to determine the feasibility of using methylation for the detection of CRC and precancerous lesions in bowel lavage fluid (BLF).

Methods: A total of 190 BLF samples were collected from the rectum at the beginning of colonoscopy from patients with colorectal neoplasm and healthy normal individuals.

Determination of optimized oxygen partial pressure to maximize the liver regenerative potential of the secretome obtained from adipose-derived stem cells.

Background: A hypoxic-preconditioned secretome from stem cells reportedly promotes the functional and regenerative capacity of the liver more effectively than a control secretome. However, the optimum oxygen partial pressure (pO) in the cell culture system that maximizes the therapeutic potential of the secretome has not yet been determined.

Methods: We first determined the cellular alterations in adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) cultured under different pO (21%, 10%, 5%, and 1%).

One-pot multicomponent coupling methods for the synthesis of diastereo- and enantioenriched (Z)-trisubstituted allylic alcohols.

(Z)-trisubstituted allylic alcohols are widespread structural motifs in natural products and biologically active compounds but are difficult to directly prepare. Introduced herein is a general one-pot multicomponent coupling method for the synthesis of (Z)-alpha,alpha,beta-trisubstituted allylic alcohols. (Z)-trisubstituted vinylzinc reagents are formed in situ by initial hydroboration of 1-bromo-1-alkynes.

New bimetallic complexes of late transition metals involving pyrazole-bridged bis N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.

Bimetallic Ni, Rh, and Ir complexes of pyrazolate biscarbene containing bulky substituents have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography; the Ni complex dimerizes to a highly congested L(2)Ni(2) structure, whereas the corresponding Rh and Ir complexes form bimetallic LM(2) structures.

Catalytic asymmetric generation of (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols.

A one-pot method for the direct preparation of enantioenriched (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols is introduced. Hydroboration of 1-halo-1-alkynes with dicyclohexylborane, reaction with t-BuLi, and transmetalation with dialkylzinc reagents generate (Z)-disubstituted vinylzinc intermediates. In situ reaction of these reagents with aldehydes in the presence of a catalyst derived from (-)-MIB generates (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols.

Direct, stereospecific generation of (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols.

A one-pot method to prepare highly functionalized (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols is introduced. Hydroboration of a variety of 1-bromo-1-acetylenes with dicyclohexyl borane, reaction with t-BuLi, and transmetalation to zinc generates a (Z)-disubstituted vinylzinc reagent. In situ reaction of this reagent with aldehydes generates (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols in high yields (81-97%).

A green chemistry approach to a more efficient asymmetric catalyst: solvent-free and highly concentrated alkyl additions to ketones.

There is a great demand for development of catalyst systems that are not only efficient and highly enantioselective but are also environmentally benign. Herein we report investigations into the catalytic asymmetric addition of alkyl and functionalized alkyl groups to ketones under highly concentrated and solvent-free conditions. In comparison with standard reaction conditions employing toluene and hexanes, the solvent-free and highly concentrated conditions permit reduction in catalyst loading by a factor of 2- to 40-fold.

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of hydroxy enol ethers: approach to a two-carbon homologation of aldehydes.

[reaction: see text] Hydroboration of ethoxy acetylene, transmetalation to zinc, and addition to aldehydes in the presence of a chiral amino alcohol ligand (MIB) affords hydroxy enol ethers with high ee. The resultant enantiomerically enriched hydroxy enol ethers were converted to protected hydroxy aldehydes, a useful synthetic building block for the construction of a variety of polyoxygenated natural products. In addition, diastereoselective formation of syn- and anti-1,3-diols was studied.

Catalytic asymmetric addition of alkylzinc and functionalized alkylzinc reagents to ketones.

We describe our full report of the catalytic asymmetric addition of simple and functionalized dialkylzinc reagents to a broad range of saturated ketones and enones. The functionalized organozinc reagents contain esters, silyl ethers, alkyl chlorides, and alkyl bromides. In general, the resulting tertiary alcohol products are isolated with high ee's.

Asymmetric addition of alkylzinc reagents to cyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and a tandem enantioselective addition/diastereoselective epoxidation with dioxygen.

Although over 100 catalysts have been reported to catalyze the asymmetric addition of alkyl groups to aldehydes, these catalysts fail to promote additions to ketones with >90% enantioselectivity. This paper describes the asymmetric 1,2-addition of alkyl groups to conjugated cyclic enones to give allylic alcohols with chiral quaternary centers. The resultant allylic alcohols are converted into epoxy alcohols with excellent diastereoselectivities.

Synthesis of Chiral C(2)-Symmetric Bisferrocenyldiamines. X-ray Crystal Structure of Ru(2)Cl(2).2CHCl(3) (2 = N1,N2-Bis{(R)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)]ferrocenylethyl}- N1,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine).

A new class of chiral C(2)-symmetrical bisferrocenyl diamines, N1,N2-bis[(R)-1-ferrocenylethyl]-N1,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (1) and N1,N2-bis{(R)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)]ferrocenylethyl}-N1,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (2), were prepared from the chiral template (R)-N,N-(dimethylamino)-1-ferrocenylethylamine ((R)-FA). Compound 1 was prepared from the reaction of (R)-FA with MeI followed by nucleophilic substitution with N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine, while 2 was formed from 1 via ortho lithiation followed by electrophilic substitution with chlorodiphenylphosphine. Compound 2 reacts with Ru(DMSO)(4)Cl(2) to give trans-Ru(2)Cl(2) (3) in which the ligand is tetradentate.