Conceptual Frameworks in Neurology Education Research.

This article discusses conceptual frameworks in neurology education research. We provide practical case examples highlighting the conceptual framework development process for different research scenarios in neurology education. We explore the steps that shape the conceptual framework process, including defining the educational problem, exploring the scholarly conversation on the topic of study through understanding the literature and outlining its gaps, constructing research questions, selecting the theoretical frameworks that underpin the study, and choosing the appropriate methodology and methods for the research questions.

Physician-scientists' perspectives on key factors, emotions and feelings about selecting and attending continuous professional development events: a mixed-method study.

Background: Almost 40% of the Nobel-Prize-winning discoveries in medicine are made by physician-scientists, who are a driving force in the evolving medical, academic and research landscape. However, their training has few defined milestones. To be effective clinicians, educators and researchers, they need to maintain and hone skills, often via continuous professional development (CPD) activities covering different domains.

'What is the most important lesson you learnt as a neuroscience master's student?' A single-question study in postgraduate neuroscience education.

Introduction: Neuroscience is a young discipline and an expanding field of study and research. The number of neuroscience postgraduate courses has risen much more rapidly than in any other field of biomedical research. However, from a scholarship perspective, the master's experience has been understudied.

Mapping myelin in white matter with T1-weighted/T2-weighted maps: discrepancy with histology and other myelin MRI measures.

The ratio of T1-weighted/T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (T1w/T2w MRI) has been successfully applied at the cortical level since 2011 and is now one of the most used myelin mapping methods. However, no reports have explored the histological validity of T1w/T2w myelin mapping in white matter. Here we compare T1w/T2w with ex vivo postmortem histology and in vivo MRI methods, namely quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and multi-echo T2 myelin water fraction (MWF) mapping techniques.

Exploring the identity development of the budding neuroscientist at postgraduate level: a mixed-method study with perspectives from alumni and academics.

Introduction: Neuroscience represents one of the most exciting frontiers in scientific research. However, given the recency of neuroscience as a discipline, its inter- and multi-disciplinary nature, the lack of educational research on brain science training, the absence of a national or global benchmark and the numerous neuroscience subfields, the development of the academic neuroscientist identity across career stages remains obfuscated. Neuroscience is not predominantly taught at the undergraduate level but presents as a postgraduate specialism, accepting graduates from a wide range of primary disciplines.

Dissociable effects of age and Parkinson's disease on instruction-based learning.

The cognitive deficits associated with Parkinson's disease vary across individuals and change across time, with implications for prognosis and treatment. Key outstanding challenges are to define the distinct behavioural characteristics of this disorder and develop diagnostic paradigms that can assess these sensitively in individuals. In a previous study, we measured different aspects of attentional control in Parkinson's disease using an established fMRI switching paradigm.

Future of Neurology & Technology: Virtual and Augmented Reality in Neurology and Neuroscience Education: Applications and Curricular Strategies.

Virtual reality and augmented reality have become increasingly prevalent in our lives. They are changing the way we see and interact with the world and have started percolating through medical education. In this article, we reviewed the key applications of virtual and augmented realities in neurology and neuroscience education and discussed barriers and opportunities for implementation in the curriculum.

Current Status and Future Strategies for Mentoring Women in Neurology.

The American Academy of Neurology's (AAN) 2017 Gender Disparity Report identified improving mentorship as a key intervention to fill the leadership and pay gaps for women in neurology. Here we summarize the literature on mentoring women, provide an outline of ideal components of programs geared toward closing gender gaps, and present a mentoring program for AAN members. The strategies discussed share similarities with those for closing gaps related to race, ethnicity, and religion.

Training in Neurology: How Lessons Learned on Teaching, Well-being, and Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic Can Shape the Future of Neurology Education.

The COVID-19 pandemic has a disruptive effect on neurology education, necessitating creative adjustments in the delivery of education, clinical training, and well-being. In this article, a group of educators reflects on challenges and lessons learned on teaching, well-being, and telemedicine, and how these can shape the future of neurology education. Developing standardized, rigorous evaluation of teaching methods and telemedicine, reinforcing well-being resources, and promoting international educational collaborations can improve neurology training during and after the pandemic.

Active learning-based STEM education for in-person and online learning.

The COVID-19 global pandemic has forced the higher education sector to transition to an uncharted remote-learning format. This offers an opportunity to adopt active learning, which increases students' performance compared to lectures, narrows achievement gaps for underrepresented students, and promotes equity and inclusivity, as the basis of STEM education.

The status of neurology fellowships in the United States: clinical needs, educational barriers, and future outlooks.

The need for subspecialty-trained neurologists is growing in parallel with increasing disease burden. However, despite the immense burden of neurological diseases, like headache and neurodegenerative disorders, recruitment into these subspecialties remains insufficient in the United States. In this manuscript, a group of educators from the American Academy of Neurology's A.

The Effects of Working Memory Training on Brain Activity.

This study aimed to investigate if two weeks of working memory (WM) training on a progressive N-back task can generate changes in the activity of the underlying WM neural network. Forty-six healthy volunteers (23 training and 23 controls) were asked to perform the N-back task during three fMRI scanning sessions: (1) before training, (2) after the half of training sessions, and (3) at the end. Between the scanning sessions, the experimental group underwent a 10-session training of working memory with the use of an adaptive version of the N-back task, while the control group did not train anything.

EEG, MEG and neuromodulatory approaches to explore cognition: Current status and future directions.

Neural oscillations and their association with brain states and cognitive functions have been object of extensive investigation over the last decades. Several electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) analysis approaches have been explored and oscillatory properties have been identified, in parallel with the technical and computational advancement. This review provides an up-to-date account of how EEG/MEG oscillations have contributed to the understanding of cognition.

Detecting axonal injury in individual patients after traumatic brain injury.

Poor outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are common yet remain difficult to predict. Diffuse axonal injury is important for outcomes, but its assessment remains limited in the clinical setting. Currently, axonal injury is diagnosed based on clinical presentation, visible damage to the white matter or via surrogate markers of axonal injury such as microbleeds.