A Military Community Cohort Study Reveals Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Inflammation Mediator Genes That Associate With Type 2 Diabetes.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia of varying degrees. Genetic and lifestyle variations are known to influence the onset and severity of T2DM. Among the genetic variations reported to confer susceptibility to the disease are certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Assessment of the Utility of the Oral Fluid and Plasma Proteomes for Hydrocodone Exposure.

Introduction: Non-medical use and abuse of prescription opioids is a growing problem in both the civilian and military communities, with minimal technologies for detecting hydrocodone use. This study explored the proteomic changes that occur in the oral fluid and blood plasma following controlled hydrocodone administration in 20 subjects.

Methods: The global proteomic profile was determined for samples taken at four time points per subject: pre-exposure and 4, 6, or 168 hours post-exposure.

Prevalence and Seroprevalence of Infection in a Military Population in Texas.

Recent biosurveillance findings at Joint Base San Antonio (JBSA), a large military installation located in south-central Texas, indicate the potential for vector-borne human Chagas disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and seroprevalence of infection in highest risk subpopulations on the installation, including students and instructors who work and sleep in triatomine-endemic field settings. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay were performed on enrolled subjects ( = 1,033), none of whom tested positive for or anti- antibodies.

Quantitative method for analysis of hydrocodone, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A selective, sensitive and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for the quantitation of hydrocodone, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone in human plasma was developed. The internal standard stock solution comprised of hydrocodone-d6, hydromorphone-d6 and norhydrocodone-d3 was added to 0.5 mL plasma samples.

Liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) determination of plasma hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin concentrations after hydroxocobalamin antidote treatment for cyanide poisoning.

Cyanide poisoning occurs in individuals after fire smoke inhalation and after oral ingestion of cyanide. Hydroxocobalamin (HOCbl), a hydroxylated form of vitamin B(12), is often used as an antidote to treat cyanide toxicity. It has a high affinity for cyanide and rapidly removes cyanide from tissue by forming cyanocobalamin (CNCbl).

Excretion profile of hydrocodone, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone in urine following single dose administration of hydrocodone to healthy volunteers.

Abuse of prescription opioids for non-medical use has been on the rise over the past decade. The most commonly abused opioid is hydrocodone, a frequently prescribed pain medication metabolized by the body to hydromorphone, norhydrocodone and other minor metabolites. This study describes the excretion profile of hydrocodone, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone in urine following a single dose (10 mg) administration of hydrocodone to human subjects (n = 7) and presents a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of the drug and its metabolites.

Hydroxocobalamin and epinephrine both improve survival in a swine model of cyanide-induced cardiac arrest.

Study Objective: To determine whether hydroxocobalamin will improve survival compared with epinephrine and saline solution controls in a model of cyanide-induced cardiac arrest.

Methods: Forty-five swine (38 to 42 kg) were tracheally intubated, anesthetized, and central venous and arterial continuous cardiovascular monitoring catheters were inserted. Potassium cyanide was infused until cardiac arrest developed, defined as mean arterial pressure less than 30 mm Hg.

Hydroxocobalamin and sodium thiosulfate versus sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate in the treatment of acute cyanide toxicity in a swine (Sus scrofa) model.

Study Objective: Cyanide can cause severe hypotension with acute toxicity. To our knowledge, no study has directly compared hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite with sodium thiosulfate in an acute cyanide toxicity model. Our objective is to compare the return to baseline of mean arterial blood pressure between 2 groups of swine with acute cyanide toxicity and treated with hydroxocobalamin with sodium thiosulfate or sodium nitrite with sodium thiosulfate.

Analysis of MDMA and its metabolites in urine and plasma following a neurotoxic dose of MDMA.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a commonly encountered drug of abuse, has been shown in a variety of studies to cause neurotoxic effects. Because MDMA itself is not neurotoxic, identifying the potential neurotoxic metabolite(s) was of significant importance. Evaluation of urine and plasma concentrations of MDMA and three of its main metabolites, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), following administration of a neurotoxic dose (20 mg/kg) to male Dark Agouti rats was accomplished.

Amphetamine excretion profile following multidose administration of mixed salt amphetamine preparation.

Interpretation of drug testing results requires detailed scientific information, particularly in those cases where the question of legitimate use versus illicit use arises. Amphetamine remains a widely abused drug throughout the world, although it is also used therapeutically for weight loss, narcolepsy, and attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD). Treatment of ADHD using stimulant drugs is much more common now than it was in even the recent past.

Metabolic profile of famprofazone following multidose administration.

One of the 14 different drugs known to be metabolized to methamphetamine and/or amphetamine is famprofazone, a component in the multi-ingredient formulation Gewodin. Because of its conversion to methamphetamine and amphetamine, which can result in positive drug-testing results, the excretion pattern of these metabolites is critical for proper interpretation of drug-testing results. Multiple doses of famprofazone were administered to healthy volunteers with no previous history of methamphetamine, amphetamine, or famprofazone use.

Amphetamine enantiomer excretion profile following administration of Adderall.

Amphetamine remains a widely abused drug throughout the world. It is also used therapeutically for weight loss, narcolepsy, and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD). ADHD has grown dramatically recently both in terms of diagnosis and treatment.

Metabolic profile of amphetamine and methamphetamine following administration of the drug famprofazone.

There are a several drugs that lead to the production of methamphetamine and/or amphetamine in the body which are subsequently excreted in the urine. These drugs raise obvious concerns when interpreting positive amphetamine drug testing results. Famprofazone is an analgesic found in a multi-ingredient medication (Gewodin) used for pain relief.

A procedure for the detection of Stealth adulterant in urine samples.

Stealth is an adulterant that is advertised as not only preventing a positive drug test in urine, but also to be undetectable by currently available adulteration testing. It has previously been described as a peroxidase and peroxide that is added to urine for the sole purpose of preventing a positive drug test. The product was found to have a significant impact on the ability to detect several drugs of abuse, however, detecting the presence of the adulterant in urine had not yet been reported.