Risk of Fractures and Other Injuries in Children Treated with Antiseizure Medications for Epilepsy.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fractures and non-fracture injuries, including associated risk factors, in children with epilepsy prescribed antiseizure medications (ASM). A controlled, cross-sectional study was conducted in a hospital outpatient setting, comparing children with epilepsy prescribed ASMs with their non-epileptic siblings. Information was collected by questionnaire included history of fractures, non-fracture injuries and epilepsy, comorbidities and ASM use.

Impaired bone and muscle development in young people treated with antiepileptic drugs.

Objective: Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are associated with reduced bone density, balance impairment, and increased fracture risk in adults. However, pediatric data are limited. Therefore, we aimed to examine bone, muscle, and balance outcomes in young patients taking AEDs.

The antiepileptic medications carbamazepine and phenytoin inhibit native sodium currents in murine osteoblasts.

Objective: Fracture risk is a serious comorbidity in epilepsy and may relate to the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Many AEDs inhibit ion channel function, and the expression of these channels in osteoblasts raises the question of whether altered bone signaling increases bone fragility. We aimed to confirm the expression of voltage-gated sodium (NaV ) channels in mouse osteoblasts, and to investigate the action of carbamazepine and phenytoin on NaV channels.

Osteoporosis Associated with Epilepsy and the Use of Anti-Epileptics-a Review.

The increased rate of fractures associated with epilepsy has been long recognised but remains incompletely understood. Study quality and study results have varied, with some but not all studies showing bone diseases including osteoporosis and/or osteomalacia, and a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are also noted. Falls risk can also be higher in patients with epilepsy taking anti-epileptic medications, potentially leading to fracture.

Monotherapy with Levetiracetam Versus Older AEDs: A Randomized Comparative Trial of Effects on Bone Health.

Long-term anti-epileptic drug (AED) therapy is associated with increased fracture risk. This study tested whether substituting the newer AED levetiracetam has less adverse effects on bone than older AEDs. An open-label randomized comparative trial.

Changes in balance function with chronic antiepileptic drug therapy: A twin and sibling study.

Objective: To investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal differences in static and dynamic standing balance measures and lower limb muscle strength in patients who are treated chronically with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

Methods: Twenty-six AED exposure-discordant same-gender twin and sibling pairs were studied. Clinical and laboratory balance examinations were conducted twice, separated by at least 1 year.

Balance and Gait Impairment in Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke.

Background: There has been little research into gait and balance impairment in transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke, despite these conditions affecting large numbers of people and the potential impact on function. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of TIA and minor stroke on gait and balance.

Methods: Twelve people with TIA or minor stroke without previous gait/balance problems and 12 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited.

Weight and fat distribution in patients taking valproate: a valproate-discordant gender-matched twin and sibling pair study.

Objectives: Chronic treatment with valproate (VPA) is commonly associated with weight gain, which potentially has important health implications, in particular increased central fat distribution. We utilized a VPA-discordant same-sex, twin and matched sibling pair study design to primarily examine for differences in fat distribution between patients with epilepsy treated with VPA compared to their matched twin or sibling control. Weight, blood pressure, and leptin levels were assessed.

Balance impairment in chronic antiepileptic drug users: a twin and sibling study.

Purpose: Patients taking antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have an increased incidence of fractures. This study investigated chronic AED use and physical contributors to falls risk using an AED-discordant, twin and sibling matched-pair approach, and assessed clinically relevant subgroups: AED polytherapy; longer-duration AED; and falls history.

Methods: Twenty-nine same-sex (mean age 44.

An Improved Synthesis of 7-Substituted Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines.

Base (NaOMe)-catalyzed condensation of 3,3-dimethoxypropionitrile with aldehydes followed by hydrolysis with 6 N HCl gives the unsaturated cyano aldehydes 5. Catalytic reduction of the double bond followed by reaction with diethyl aminomalonate affords the enamines 7, which cyclize to the aminopyrroles 2 on treatment with NaOMe. While the amino group in 2 is unreactive toward many guanylating reagents, acid (AcOH)-catalyzed guanylation occurs easily with 10 to give 12 along with methyl mercaptan as a byproduct.