Experimental Evidence Shows That Housing Vouchers Provided Measurable Benefits, Including Parent Stress Reduction.

This article presents early findings on the causal effects of a housing voucher on family stress, which plays an important role in children's healthy development. Using the Housing and Children's Healthy Development study, which is the only randomized controlled trial of housing vouchers (conducted in the Cleveland, Ohio, and Dallas, Texas, metropolitan areas), we found measurable health and related benefits accruing to families who received vouchers even though half of those who leased housing with vouchers only lived in that dwelling for roughly one year or less. Vouchers also substantially improved cost burdens, sufficiency of space, adequacy of heat, and daytime neighborhood safety.

The Integrating Medications for Addiction Treatment (IMAT) Index: A measure of capability at the organizational level.

Primary care provides a treatment opportunity for many persons with opioid use disorder (OUD). The push to integrate and expand reach and adoption of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) within primary care has been a major focus of national, state and health systems endeavors. To guide high capability MOUD practice, we introduce the Integrating Medications for Addiction Treatment (IMAT) Index.

The Benefits of Rental Assistance for Children's Health and School Attendance in the United States.

Programs that provide affordable and stable housing may contribute to better child health and thus to fewer missed days of school. Drawing on a unique linkage of survey and administrative data, we use a quasi-experimental approach to examine the impact of rental assistance programs on missed days of school due to illness. We compare missed school days due to illness among children receiving rental assistance with those who will enter assistance within two years of their interview, the average length of waitlists for federal rental assistance.

COVID-19 Adaptations in the Care of Patients with Opioid Use Disorder: a Survey of California Primary Care Clinics.

Background: With the onset of the COVID-19 crisis, many federal agencies relaxed policies regulating opioid use disorder treatment. The impact of these changes has been minimally documented. The abrupt nature of these shifts provides a naturalistic opportunity to examine adaptations for opioid use disorder treatment in primary care.

Association of Childhood Asthma With Federal Rental Assistance.

Importance: Millions of low-income children in the United States reside in substandard or unaffordable housing. Relieving these burdens may be associated with changes in asthma outcomes.

Objectives: To examine whether participation in the US Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) rental assistance programs is associated with childhood asthma outcomes and to examine whether associations varied by program type (public housing, multifamily housing, or housing choice vouchers).

Residential mobility and long-term exposure to neighborhood poverty among children born in poor families: A U.S. longitudinal cohort study.

One in four Americans lives in a poor neighborhood - defined by a poverty rate of 20% or higher. The effects of neighborhood poverty on children's health and development depend on the timing and duration of the exposure. Focusing on children born in poor families, we examined the timing and persistence of their exposure to neighborhood poverty from birth to age 17.

The Impact of Housing Assistance on the Mental Health of Children in the United States.

Housing assistance policies may lead to improved mental health for children and adolescents by improving housing quality, stability, and affordability. We use a unique data linkage of the National Health Interview Survey and U.S.

Housing Assistance and Child Health: A Systematic Review.

Context: Given a large and consistent literature revealing a link between housing and health, publicly supported housing assistance programs might play an important role in promoting the health of disadvantaged children.

Objective: To summarize and evaluate research in which authors examine housing assistance and child health.

Data Sources: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and PAIS (1990-2017).

The Effects of Assisted Housing on Child Well-Being.

The most rigorous research on the causal effects of assisted housing on children's outcomes finds no such effects. The present study uses rich longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, augmented with Census, American Community Survey and U.S.

Housing Affordability And Children's Cognitive Achievement.

Housing cost burden-the fraction of income spent on housing-is the most prevalent housing problem affecting the healthy development of millions of low- and moderate-income children. By affecting disposable income, a high burden affects parents' expenditures on both necessities for and enrichment of their children, as well as investments in their children. Reducing those expenditures and investments, in turn, can affect children's development, including their cognitive skills and physical, social, and emotional health.

Challenges of drug discovery in novel target space. The discovery and evaluation of PF-3893787: a novel histamine H4 receptor antagonist.

We describe the development of novel benzimidazoles as small molecule histamine H4 receptor (H4R) antagonists and their profiling in rat early toxicity studies. The discovery and optimisation of a second series of pyrimidine based antagonists is then described culminating in the identification of the clinical development candidate 13 (PF-3893787). The pre-clinical profile of 13 (PF-3893787) is presented including the development of a translatable biomarker.

Comparison of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor lersivirine with its pyrazole and imidazole isomers.

Lersivirine is a potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with exceptional mutant resilience. Here, we compare the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile of lersivirine with its pyrazole and imidazole isomers and briefly explore the profile of these series. This work establishes lersivirine as the outstanding molecule in this set.

Inhalation by design: dual pharmacology β-2 agonists/M3 antagonists for the treatment of COPD.

This paper describes the successful design and development of dual pharmacology β-2 agonists-M3 antagonists, for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder using the principles of 'inhalation by design'. A key feature of this work is the combination of balanced potency and pharmacodynamic duration with desirable pharmacokinetic and material properties, whilst keeping synthetic complexity to a minimum.

Communicating health information to disadvantaged populations.

Interest in the communication of health information among disadvantaged populations has increased in recent years with the shift from a model of patient-provider communication to one of a more empowered healthcare consumer; with the use of new communication technologies that increase the number of channels through which health information may be accessed; and with the steadily increasing number of people without health insurance. Three separate research literatures contribute to our current understanding of this issue. In the medicine and public health literature, disparities in health access and outcomes among socioeconomic, ethnic, and racial groups are now well documented.

The relationship between a statewide preceptorship program and family medicine residency selection.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which participation in the California Academy of Family Physicians Foundation Family Medicine (FM) Preceptorship Program, as well as medical school, degree earned, gender, and match year predicted FM residency match.

Methods: Allopathic and osteopathic students who applied to the preceptorship program from 1996 to 2002 were followed until residency match. Chi-square (chi(2)) analysis was used to compare preceptorship participants, nonparticipants (students who applied but did not complete the preceptorship), and nonapplicants (students who did not apply to the preceptorship) for FM match rates and to compare participants to nonparticipants for primary care match rates.

Optimization of 5-aryloxyimidazole non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

A major problem associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for the treatment of HIV is their vulnerability to mutations in the allosteric binding site of reverse transcriptase that can result in the development of a resistant virus. Herein we present the optimization of a series of 5-aryloxy imidazoles, which possess a balanced pharmacological profile against both wild-type enzyme and the clinically relevant mutations K103N and Y181C. Subtle structural changes were used to probe structure-activity relationships relating to both potency and metabolic stability, which led to an imidazole derivative with an impressive overall profile.

Preliminary experiences of the states in implementing the National Family Caregiver Support Program: a 50-state study.

Despite increased attention to policy choices to support family and informal caregivers, relatively little is known about states' experiences in providing caregiver support services. This article reports on the first nationwide survey of all 50 states and the District of Columbia in providing caregiver services since the passage of the National Family Caregiver Support Program. State program administrators reported that their program differs from other home and community-based services because of the explicit focus on the family or informal caregiver.

A concise and selective synthesis of novel 5-aryloxyimidazole NNRTIs.

[reaction: see text] A concise and efficient route to the construction of a 5-aryloxyimidazole has been developed. The key step was the selective O-arylation of a 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl-protected imidazolone. The final compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase.

Structure-activity relationships of 1-alkyl-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-{2-[3-(substituted)-1-azetidinyl]-ethyl}-2-piperidones. Part 2: Improving oral absorption.

A series of piperidone analogues of 1b-q, seeking replacements for the polar sulfamide moiety in clinical candidate UK-224,671 1a, possessing reduced H-bonding potential as a strategy to improve oral absorption, were prepared. These studies led to the successful identification of 1n, which demonstrated equivalent pharmacology and metabolic stability to 1a, and greatly improved oral absorption as assessed in rat PK studies.

A study of 10 states since passage of the national family caregiver support program: policies, perceptions, and program development.

Purpose: This study describes the preliminary experiences of 10 states in providing support services to family or informal caregivers of elderly adults and adults with disabilities; it focuses on the newly created National Family Caregiver Support Program, state general funds, Medicaid-waiver programs, and other state-funding streams.

Design And Methods: Case studies were conducted, between March and July 2002, through in-person interviews with state officials and stakeholders in Alabama, California, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington.

Results: States were in the start-up phase of implementing the National Family Caregiver Support Program and varied greatly in program design and integration of caregiver support into their home- and community-based care system.

The cost-effectiveness of independent housing for the chronically mentally ill: do housing and neighborhood features matter?

Objective: To determine the effects of housing and neighborhood features on residential instability and the costs of mental health services for individuals with chronic mental illness (CMI).

Data Sources: Medicaid and service provider data on the mental health service utilization of 670 individuals with CMI between 1988 and 1993 were combined with primary data on housing attributes and costs, as well as census data on neighborhood characteristics. Study participants were living in independent housing units developed under the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Program on Chronic Mental Illness in four of nine demonstration cities between 1988 and 1993.

4-Amino-2-(aryl)-butylbenzamides and Their conformationally constrained analogues. Potent antagonists of the human neurokinin-2 (NK(2)) receptor.

A library, evaluating a range of piperazines, piperidines and acyclic amines, as replacements for the 4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine moiety in lead (1b) was prepared. These efforts identified the 4-((N)-benzimidazolone)piperidine analogue (2a) which was further optimised using classical single-compound synthesis to yield the 3-((N)-morpholino)azetidine (2j). Conformationally constrained analogues of (2j), generally offered no potency advantage in this particular series.

The living conditions of elderly Americans.

Purpose: This article profiles the housing settings of frail elderly individuals, whether their homes are facilitating or impeding their ability to live in the community, and the change in disability and housing status before and after passage of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act.

Design And Methods: The analysis relies primarily on statistical analysis of the 1995 national American Housing Survey (AHS), with supplementary analysis of the 1978 AHS.

Results: In 1995, roughly 14% of elderly individuals had a "housing-related disability," 49% had at least one dwelling modification, and 23% had an unmet need for modifications.

Structure-activity relationships of 1-alkyl-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- 5-[2-[(3-substituted)-1-azetidinyl]ethyl]-2-piperidones. 1. Selective antagonists of the neurokinin-2 receptor.

The design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a novel class of neurokinin-2 (NK2) antagonists 1-alkyl-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-[2-[(3-substituted)-1-azetidinyl]ethyl]-2-piperidones (5-44) are described. These compounds are formally derived from 2 by incorporating the metabolically vulnerable N-methylamide function into a more stable six-membered ring lactam 4, resulting in increased stability in human liver microsome (HLM) preparations relative to 2 (T1/2(HLM) of 30 min vs <10 min for 2). This series was further optimized by replacing the 4,4-disubstituted piperidine functionality found in 4 with simple 3-substituted azetidines.