Immunohistochemical study of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PDL1) expression by combined positive score using 22C3 clone in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, its correlation with clinicopathological features and outcome.

Context: Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD L1) is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in neoplastic cells. Therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors target PD-1/PD-L1 blockade-inducing tumour regression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PD-L1 expression enables patient selection for immunotherapy and can be considered as a potential predictive biomarker for immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Invasive Fungal Infection in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Associated with Myeloid Sarcoma of the Sinonasal Cavity: A Rare Case.

Myeloid sarcoma is a rare malignant extramedullary neoplasm of myeloid precursor cells. The majority of these cases occur in patients with known leukemia or those who eventually develop the disease. It can occur in various sites but sinonasal cavity involvement along with invasive fungal infection is exceedingly rare.

Primary Ovarian Endometrioid Stromal Sarcoma Presenting with Infertility.

Endometrioid Stromal Sarcoma (ESS) is an uncommon tumour that occurs in women over wide age range of 11 years to 76 years accounting for only 0.2% of all uterine malignancies and for 15%-26% of primary uterine sarcomas. These tumours arising from ovary are extremely rare.

Trichilemmal cyst of the bulbar conjunctiva: a rare presentation.

We report a rare case of trichilemmal cyst involving the bulbar conjunctiva. A 55-year-old female presented with a history of a painless, progressive swelling in the left bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the nasal limbus of 3 years duration. Wide excision biopsy was performed.

Automation of immunohistochemical evaluation in breast cancer using image analysis.

Aim: To automate breast cancer diagnosis and to study the inter-observer and intra-observer variations in the manual evaluations.

Methods: Breast tissue specimens from sixty cases were stained separately for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu). All cases were assessed by manual grading as well as image analysis.