Kinetics and products of Thermotoga maritima β-glucosidase with lactose and cellobiose.

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic compounds that are mainly used in infant formula to mimic bifidogenic effects of mother's milk. They are synthesized by β-galactosidase enzymes in a trans-glycosylation reaction with lactose. Many β-galactosidase enzymes from different sources have been studied, resulting in varying GOS product compositions and yields.

Characterization of milk oligosaccharide and sialic acid content and their influence on brain sialic acid in a lean mouse model for gestational diabetes.

Oligosaccharides and sialic acids (Sia) are bioactive components in milk that contribute to newborn development and health. Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) can have adverse effects on both mother and infant. HIP is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation.

Host genetic regulation of human gut microbial structural variation.

Although the impact of host genetics on gut microbial diversity and the abundance of specific taxa is well established, little is known about how host genetics regulates the genetic diversity of gut microorganisms. Here we conducted a meta-analysis of associations between human genetic variation and gut microbial structural variation in 9,015 individuals from four Dutch cohorts. Strikingly, the presence rate of a structural variation segment in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii that harbours an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) utilization gene cluster is higher in individuals who secrete the type A oligosaccharide antigen terminating in GalNAc, a feature that is jointly determined by human ABO and FUT2 genotypes, and we could replicate this association in a Tanzanian cohort.

Quantitation of bioactive components in infant formulas: Milk oligosaccharides, sialic acids and corticosteroids.

Human milk is considered the optimal food for infants with abundant nutrients and bioactive components, which play key roles in infant health and development. Infant formulas represent appropriate substitutes for human milk. There are many brands of infant formula with different ingredient sources and functions on the market.

Biochemical characterization of glycoside hydrolase family 31 α-glucosidases from Myceliophthora thermophila for α-glucooligosaccharide synthesis.

The transglucosidase activity of GH31 α-glucosidases is employed to catalyze the synthesis of prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) using the malt syrup prepared from starch as substrate. Continuous mining for new GH31 α-glucosidases with high stability and efficient transglucosidase activity is critical for enhancing the supply and quality of IMO preparations. In the present study, two α-glucosidases (MT31α1 and MT31α2) from Myceliophthora thermophila were explored for biochemical characterization.

Characterization of the (Engineered) Branching Sucrase GtfZ-CD2 from Apilactobacillus kunkeei for Efficient Glucosylation of Benzenediol Compounds.

Branching sucrases, a subfamily of Glycoside Hydrolase family (GH70), display transglycosidase activity using sucrose as donor substrate to catalyze glucosylation reaction in the presence of suitable acceptor substrates. In this study, the (α1→3) branching sucrase GtfZ-CD2 from DSM 12361 was demonstrated to glucosylate benzenediol compounds (i.e.

Sialic acid, the secret gift for the brain.

The human brain grows rapidly in early life which requires adequate nutrition. Human milk provides optimal nutrition for the developing brain, and breastfeeding significantly improves the cognition development of infants. These benefits have been largely attributed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), associated with sialic acid (Sia).

Inulin-grown cross-feeds fructose to the human intestinal epithelium.

Many chronic diseases are associated with decreased abundance of the gut commensal . This strict anaerobe can grow on dietary fibers, e.g.

Extraction and Quantitative Analysis of Goat Milk Oligosaccharides: Composition, Variation, Associations, and 2'-FL Variability.

Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS) are associated with health benefits for newborns. We studied the composition of goat MOS (gMOS) from colostrum up to the 9th month of lactation to conceive an overview of the structures present and their fate. Potential correlations with factors such as age, parity, and lifetime milk production were examined.

Combining HPAEC-PAD, PGC-LC-MS, and 1D H NMR to Investigate Metabolic Fates of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in 1-Month-Old Infants: a Pilot Study.

A solid-phase extraction procedure was optimized to extract 3-fucosyllactose and other human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) from human milk samples separately, followed by absolute quantitation using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection and porous graphitized carbon-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The approach developed was applied on a pilot sample set of 20 human milk samples and paired infant feces collected at around 1 month postpartum. One-dimensional H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed on the same samples to determine the relative levels of fucosylated epitopes and sialylated (Neu5Ac) structural elements.

Structure-Specific Fermentation of Galacto-Oligosaccharides, Isomalto-Oligosaccharides and Isomalto/Malto-Polysaccharides by Infant Fecal Microbiota and Impact on Dendritic Cell Cytokine Responses.

Scope: Next to galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), starch-derived isomalto-oligosaccharide preparation (IMO) and isomalto/malto-polysaccharides (IMMP) could potentially be used as prebiotics in infant formulas. However, it remains largely unknown how the specific molecular structures of these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) impact fermentability and immune responses in infants.

Methods And Results: In vitro fermentation of GOS, IMO and IMMP using infant fecal inoculum of 2- and 8-week-old infants shows that only GOS and IMO are fermented by infant fecal microbiota.

Variations in N-linked glycosylation of glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1) whey protein: Intercow differences and dietary effects.

In bovine milk serum, the whey proteins with the highest N-glycan contribution are lactoferrin, IgG, and glycosylation-dependent cellular adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1); GlyCAM-1 is the dominant N-linked glycoprotein in bovine whey protein products. Whey proteins are base ingredients in a range of food products, including infant formulas. Glycan monosaccharide composition and variation thereof may affect functionality, such as the interaction of glycans with the immune system via recognition receptors.

Goat Milk Oligosaccharides: Their Diversity, Quantity, and Functional Properties in Comparison to Human Milk Oligosaccharides.

Human milk is considered the golden standard in infant nutrition. Free oligosaccharides in human milk provide important health benefits. These oligosaccharides function as prebiotics, immune modulators, and pathogen inhibitors and were found to improve barrier function in the gut.

Gut bacterial deamination of residual levodopa medication for Parkinson's disease.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Gastrointestinal tract dysfunction is one of the non-motor features, where constipation is reported as the most common gastrointestinal symptom. Aromatic bacterial metabolites are attracting considerable attention due to their impact on gut homeostasis and host's physiology.

Touching the High Complexity of Prebiotic Vivinal Galacto-oligosaccharides Using Porous Graphitic Carbon Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry.

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are used in infant formula to replace the health effects of human milk oligosaccharides, which appear to be dependent upon the structure of the individual oligosaccharides present. However, a comprehensive overview of the structure-specific effects is still limited as a result of the high structural complexity of GOS. In this study, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) was used as the stationary phase during ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS).

Inhibitory Effects of Dietary -Glycans From Bovine Lactoferrin on Toll-Like Receptor 8; Comparing Efficacy With Chloroquine.

Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) plays a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and associated gastrointestinal symptoms that reduce quality of life of patients. Dietary interventions are becoming more accepted as mean to manage onset, progression, and treatment of a broad spectrum of inflammatory conditions. In this study, we assessed the impact of -glycans derived from bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on the inhibition of TLR-8 activation.

In Depth Analysis of the Contribution of Specific Glycoproteins to the Overall Bovine Whey N-Linked Glycoprofile.

The N-linked glycoprofile of bovine whey is the combined result of individual protein glycoprofiles. In this work, we provide in-depth structural information on the glycan structures of known whey glycoproteins, namely, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, α-lactalbumin, immunoglobulin-G (IgG), and glycosylation-dependent cellular adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1, PP3). The majority (∼95%) of -glycans present in the overall whey glycoprofile were attributed to three proteins: lactoferrin, IgG, and GlyCAM-1.

The impact of oligosaccharide content, glycosidic linkages and lactose content of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on the expression of mucus-related genes in goblet cells.

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have been reported to modulate the function of intestinal goblet cells and to improve mucus barrier function. However, GOS is available in many structurally different compositions and it is unknown how GOS structural diversity impacts this modulation of goblet cells. This study aims to investigate the effects of oligosaccharide content and glycosidic linkages of GOS on expression of genes associated with the secretory function of goblet cells.

Structural Comparison of Different Galacto-oligosaccharide Mixtures Formed by β-Galactosidases from Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria.

The LacLM-type β-galactosidase from DSM 20075 expressed in both (β-gal) and (β-gal) was tested for their potential to form galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. The Lh-GOS mixture formed by β-galactosidase from , together with three GOS mixtures produced using β-galactosidases of both the LacLM and the LacZ type from other lactic acid bacteria, namely, (Lr-GOS), (Lb-GOS), and (St-GOS), as well as two GOS mixtures (Br-GOS1 and Br-GOS2) produced using β-galactosidases (β-gal I and β-gal II) from , was analyzed and structurally compared with commercial GOS mixtures analyzed in previous work (Vivinal GOS, GOS I, GOS III, and GOS V) using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), high-performance size-exclusion chromatography with a refractive index (RI) detector (HPSEC-RI), and one-dimensional H NMR spectroscopy. β-Galactosidases from lactic acid bacteria and displayed a preference to form β-(1→6)- and β-(1→3)-linked GOS.

The association between breastmilk oligosaccharides and faecal microbiota in healthy breastfed infants at two, six, and twelve weeks of age.

Several factors affect gut microbiota development in early life, among which breastfeeding plays a key role. We followed 24 mother-infant pairs to investigate the associations between concentrations of selected human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in breastmilk, infant faeces, and the faecal microbiota composition in healthy, breastfed infants at two, six and 12 weeks of age. Lactation duration had a significant effect on breastmilk HMO content, which decreased with time, except for 3-fucosyllactose (3FL) and Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP III).

Dynamic Temporal Variations in Bovine Lactoferrin Glycan Structures.

It has been reported previously that glycosylation of bovine lactoferrin changes over time. A detailed structural overview of these changes over the whole course of lactation, including predry period milk, is lacking. In this study, a high-throughput analysis method was applied to the glycoprofile of lactoferrin isolated from colostrum, mature, and predry period mature milk, which was analyzed over two subsequent lactation cycles for 8 cows from diverse genetic backgrounds.

Structural Identity of Galactooligosaccharide Molecules Selectively Utilized by Single Cultures of Probiotic Bacterial Strains.

Various β-galactosidase enzymes catalyze the trans-glycosylation reaction with lactose. The resulting galactooligosaccharide (GOS) mixtures are widely used in infant nutrition to stimulate growth of beneficial gut bacteria. GOS consists mainly of compounds with a degree of polymerization (DP) varying from 2-8 and with diverse glycosidic linkages.

Challenges and Pitfalls in Human Milk Oligosaccharide Analysis.

Human milk oligosaccharides have been recognized as an important, functional biomolecule in mothers' milk. Moreover, these oligosaccharides have been recognized as the third most abundant component of human milk, ranging from 10-15 g/L in mature milk and up to and over 20 g/L reported in colostrum. Initially, health benefits of human milk oligosaccharides were assigned via observational studies on the differences between breastfed and bottle fed infants.

Large-scale quantitative isolation of pure protein N-linked glycans.

Glycoproteins are biologically active proteins of which the attached glycans contribute to their biological functionality. Limited data is available on the functional properties of these N-glycans in isolation, without the protein core. Glycan release, typically performed with the PNGase F enzyme, is achieved on denatured proteins in the presence of detergents which are notoriously difficult to be completely removed.