Long-term outcomes of ADEM-like and tumefactive presentations of CNS demyelination: a case-comparison analysis.

A minority of initial multiple sclerosis (MS) presentations clinically or radiologically resemble other central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) or tumefactive demyelination (atypical demyelination presentations). With the aim of better defining the long-term outcomes of this group we have performed a retrospective cohort comparison of atypical demyelination versus 'typical' MS presentations. Twenty-seven cases with atypical presentations (both first and subsequent demyelinating events) were identified and compared with typical MS cases.

Objective sleep measures in chronic fatigue syndrome patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) often report disrupted and unrefreshing sleep in association with worsened fatigue symptoms. However, the nature and magnitude of sleep architecture alteration in ME/CFS is not known, with studies using objective sleep measures in ME/CFS generating contradictory results. The current manuscript aimed to review and meta-analyse of case-control studies with objective sleep measures in ME/CSF.

Anti-Correlated Myelin-Sensitive MRI Levels in Humans Consistent with a Subcortical to Sensorimotor Regulatory Process-Multi-Cohort Multi-Modal Evidence.

Differential axonal myelination synchronises signalling over different axon lengths. The consequences of myelination processes described at the cellular level for the regulation of myelination at the macroscopic level are unknown. We analysed multiple cohorts of myelin-sensitive brain MRI.

Multimodal MRI of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A cross-sectional neuroimaging study toward its neuropathophysiology and diagnosis.

Introduction: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), is a debilitating illness affecting up to 24 million people worldwide but concerningly there is no known mechanism for ME/CFS and no objective test for diagnosis. A series of our neuroimaging findings in ME/CFS, including functional MRI (fMRI) signal characteristics and structural changes in brain regions particularly sensitive to hypoxia, has informed the hypothesis that abnormal neurovascular coupling (NVC) may be the neurobiological origin of ME/CFS. NVC is a critical process for normal brain function, in which glutamate from an active neuron stimulates Ca influx in adjacent neurons and astrocytes.

MRI Patterns Distinguish AQP4 Antibody Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder From Multiple Sclerosis.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are inflammatory diseases of the CNS. Overlap in the clinical and MRI features of NMOSD and MS means that distinguishing these conditions can be difficult. With the aim of evaluating the diagnostic utility of MRI features in distinguishing NMOSD from MS, we have conducted a cross-sectional analysis of imaging data and developed predictive models to distinguish the two conditions.

Magnetic resonance imaging in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with antibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which has distinct clinical, radiological and pathological features, but also has some overlap with multiple sclerosis and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disease. Early recognition of NMOSD is important because of differing responses to both acute and preventive therapy. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has proved essential in this process.

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: Can imaging findings predict HPV status?

Purpose: This is first Australian population-based retrospective study in HPV-induced OPSCCs utilising CT. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) was utilised to assess if imaging findings of metastatic cystic lymph nodes (LNs) can predict human papillomavirus (HPV) status, as defined by p16 immunostaining of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs).

Materials And Methods: The location and p16 status of primary tumours and LNs were recorded.

What Is the "Optimal" Target Mismatch Criteria for Acute Ischemic Stroke?

We aimed to compare Perfusion Imaging Mismatch (PIM) and Clinical Core Mismatch (CCM) criteria in ischemic stroke patients to identify the effect of these criteria on selected patient population characteristics and clinical outcomes. Patients from the INternational Stroke Perfusion Imaging REgistry (INSPIRE) who received reperfusion therapy, had pre-treatment multimodal CT, 24-h imaging, and 3 month outcomes were analyzed. Patients were divided into 3 cohorts: endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), intravenous thrombolysis alone with large vessel occlusion (IVT-LVO), and intravenous thrombolysis alone without LVO (IVT-nonLVO).

Homozygous frameshift mutation of SPG11 as a cause of progressive flaccid paralysis, ataxia and dysphagia.

Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are phenotypically and genotypically diverse. We describe a unique case of autosomal recessive HSP (ARHSP) diagnosed at age 44 in a patient previously described as having "spinal muscular ataxia" [sic]. Predominant lower motor neuron findings and lack of clinical spasticity reduced suspicion for HSP in early life.

Neuroimaging characteristics of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): a systematic review.

Background: Since the 1990s, neuroimaging has been utilised to study Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), a debilitating illness with unknown aetiology. While brain abnormalities in ME/CFS have been identified, relatively little is known regarding which specific abnormalities are consistently observed across research groups and to what extent the observed abnormalities are reproducible.

Method: To identify consistent and inconsistent neuroimaging observations in ME/CFS, this retrospective and systematic review searched for studies in which neuroimaging was used to investigate brain abnormalities in ME/CFS in Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed (NCBI), and Scopus from January 1988 to July 2018.

Relapse Patterns in NMOSD: Evidence for Earlier Occurrence of Optic Neuritis and Possible Seasonal Variation.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) show overlap in their clinical features. We performed an analysis of relapses with the aim of determining differences between the two conditions. Cases of NMOSD and age- and sex-matched MS controls were collected from across Australia and New Zealand.

The clinical profile of NMOSD in Australia and New Zealand.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are an inflammation of the central nervous system associated with autoantibodies to aquaporin-4. We have undertaken a clinic-based survey of NMOSD in the Australia and New Zealand populations with the aim of characterising the clinical features and establishing the value of recently revised diagnostic criteria. Cases of possible NMOSD and age and sex-matched controls with multiple sclerosis (MS) were referred from centres across Australia and New Zealand.

PRES-like presentation in MOG antibody-related demyelination (MARD).

A 33-year-old male presented with a progressive four-week history of frontal headache and left visual field impairment. MRI brain confirmed bilateral, asymmetric, occipital vasogenic oedema, suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Serum testing for MOG antibodies was positive, confirming a diagnosis of MOG antibody-related demyelination (MARD).

Intra brainstem connectivity is impaired in chronic fatigue syndrome.

In myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), abnormal MRI correlations with symptom severity and autonomic measures have suggested impaired nerve signal conduction within the brainstem. Here we analyse fMRI correlations to directly test connectivity within and from the brainstem. Resting and task functional MRI (fMRI) were acquired for 45 ME/CFS (Fukuda criteria) and 27 healthy controls (HC).

Myeloma of Laryngeal Cartilage: Literature Review and Case Study.

Background: Myeloma of laryngeal cartilage (MLC) is a rare plasma cell neoplasm which has not been well characterized. However, it is an important differential diagnosis of laryngeal cartilage mass as it can indicate the presence of underlying systemic hematological diseases, such as multiple myeloma (MM), that is associated with poor prognosis. This article is the first of its kind and aims to educate clinicians on future diagnosis and management of similar cases.

Hyperintense sensorimotor T1 spin echo MRI is associated with brainstem abnormality in chronic fatigue syndrome.

We recruited 43 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) subjects who met Fukuda criteria and 27 healthy controls and performed 3T MRI T1 and T2 weighted spin-echo (T1wSE and T2wSE) scans. T1wSE signal follows T1 relaxation rate (1/T1 relaxation time) and responds to myelin and iron (ferritin) concentrations. We performed MRI signal level group comparisons with SPM12.

Brain function characteristics of chronic fatigue syndrome: A task fMRI study.

The mechanism underlying neurological dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is yet to be established. This study investigated the temporal complexity of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) changes in response to the Stroop task in CFS patients. 43 CFS patients (47.

Decreased Connectivity and Increased Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent Complexity in the Default Mode Network in Individuals with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

The chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/myalgic encephalomyelitis is a debilitating disease with unknown pathophysiology and no diagnostic test. This study investigated the default mode network (DMN) to understand the pathophysiology of CFS and to identify potential biomarkers. Using functional MRI (fMRI) collected from 72 subjects (45 CFS and 27 controls) with a temporal resolution of 0.

Incidence and prevalence of NMOSD in Australia and New Zealand.

Objectives: We have undertaken a clinic-based survey of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) in Australia and New Zealand to establish incidence and prevalence across the region and in populations of differing ancestry.

Background: NMOSD is a recently defined demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The incidence and prevalence of NMOSD in Australia and New Zealand has not been established.

18F-FDG PET/CT in a Patient With Glomus Vagale Paraganglioma and Eisenmenger Syndrome: Searching for the Missing Link?

There is emerging evidence linking cyanotic heart disease and pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma through a proposed hypoxia pathway. We present a 59-year-old woman with known Eisenmenger syndrome secondary to delayed diagnosis of ventricular septal defect, in whom F-FDG PET/CT provided comprehensive evaluation of both an F-FDG-avid left glomus vagale paraganglioma and also increased right ventricular myocardial glucose metabolism in response to severe pulmonary hypertension in the chronic shunting state.

High-Resolution Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography in Joubert Syndrome: Beyond Molar Tooth Sign.

Background: We undertook diffusion tensor imaging analysis of brainstem fiber tracts in two Joubert syndrome patients.

Methods: Two Joubert syndrome patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging brain examination with diffusion tensor imaging. Imaging findings were compared with five age- and sex-matched control subjects with approval from the institutional ethic committee.