Tackling antimicrobial resistance in primary care facilities across Pakistan: Current challenges and implications for the future.

Antibiotics are gradually becoming less effective against bacteria worldwide, and this issue is of particular concern in economically-developing nations like Pakistan. We undertook a scoping review in order to review the literature on antimicrobial use, prescribing, dispensing and the challenges associated with antimicrobial resistance in primary care (PC) settings in Pakistan. Furthermore, this review aims to identify potential solutions to promote appropriate use of antimicrobials in Pakistan.

High level of lactate dehydrogenase and ischaemia-reperfusion injury regulate the multiple organ dysfunction in patients with COVID-19.

Background: Multiple organ damage has been observed in patients with COVID-19, but the exact pathway is not known. Vital organs of the human body may get affected after replication of SARS-CoV-2, including the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver and brain. It triggers severe inflammation and impairs the function of two or more organ systems.

Toxicity and Impact of Silica Nanoparticles on the Configuration of Gut Microbiota in Immunodeficient Mice.

Nanoparticles (NPs), having exceptional physicochemical and electrical characteristics with lower toxicity, have evolved as dynamic drug delivery carriers in living organisms. Potentially, the intragastric gavage of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) affects gut microbiota profiles in immunodeficient mice. In this study, the impact of SiNPs of variable size and dosage was investigated in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunodeficient mice, specifically on their immune functions and gut microbiota, through physicochemical and metagenomic analysis.

Antibiotic Utilization Patterns for Different Wound Types among Surgical Patients: Findings and Implications.

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is effective in reducing the rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) post-operatively. However, there are concerns with the extent of prophylaxis post-operatively, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This increases antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a key issue in Pakistan.

Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Protein Reveals New Insights into Its Role in Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases in Mammals.

Chemokine receptor type 4 () is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays an essential role in immune system function and disease processes. Our study aims to conduct a comparative structural and phylogenetic analysis of the protein to gain insights into its role in emerging and re-emerging diseases that impact the health of mammals. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of genes across a wide range of mammalian species.

Effects of thiram exposure on liver metabolism of chickens.

Pesticides are widely used to control crop diseases, which have made an important contribution to the increase of global crop production. However, a considerable part of pesticides may remain in plants, posing a huge threat to animal safety. Thiram is a common pesticide and has been proven that its residues in the feed can affect the growth performance, bone formation, and intestinal health of chickens.

Stability analysis for a class of implicit fractional differential equations involving Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative.

Some fundamental conditions and hypotheses are established to ensure the existence, uniqueness, and stability to a class of implicit boundary value problems (BVPs) with Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo type derivative and integral. The required results are established by utilizing the Banach contraction mapping principle and fixed point theorem of Krasnoselskii. In addition, various types of stability results including Hyers-Ulam, generalized Hyers-Ulam, Hyers-Ulam-Rassias, and generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability are formulated for the problem under consideration.

The interplay between the immune system and SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients.

Millions of people across the globe have been affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which began in Wuhan, China, and is caused by SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 has a variety of clinical characteristics and triggers immune responses required for the elimination of the viral agent. Currently, no effective treatment options are available for targeting SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Estrogen shields women from COVID-19 complications by reducing ER stress.

Estrogen hormone acts as a potential key player in providing immunity against certain viral infection. It is found to be associated in providing immunity against acute lungs inflammation and influenza virus by modulating cytokines storm and mediating adaptive immune alterations respectively. Women are less affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection because of the possible influence of estrogen hormone as compared to men.