Development of an indirect competitive ELISA for simultaneous detection of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin.

Modified 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropy) carbodiimide (EDC) method was employed to synthesize the artificial antigen of enrofloxacin (ENR), and New Zealand rabbits were used to produce anti-ENR polyclonal antibody (pAb). Based on the checkerboard titration, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) standard curve was established. This assay was sensitive and had a linear range from 0.

Toxicity of ionic liquids on the growth, reproductive ability, and ATPase activity of earthworm.

To evaluate the toxicity of the ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C(8)mim]Br) to Eisenia foetida, effects of [C(8)mim]Br on the growth, reproductive ability, and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of earthworms were determined under laboratory conditions using artificial soil as substrate. The results showed that [C(8)mim]Br in high concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of the earthworms. These effects were enhanced with prolonged exposure to and increasing concentration of [C(8)mim]Br.

The toxic effects of ionic liquids on the activities of acetylcholinesterase and cellulase in earthworms.

The earthworm Eisenia foetida was exposed to different concentrations of imidazolium ionic liquids with varying chain lengths according to the method of OECD [OECD, 1984. (The Current Organization of Economic and Cooperative Development Acute Earthworm Toxicity Test) Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 207.

Effects of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquids on the antioxidant defense system of Daphnia magna.

This study examined the antioxidant responses of Daphnia magna following exposure to different concentrations of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and the 50% LC(50) concentrations of methylimidazolium bromide ILs with different alkyl-chain lengths. Activities of antioxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase) and levels of the antioxidant glutathione and the lipid peroxidation by-product malondialdehyde were measured using traditional methods or commercial kits. The concentration and the alkyl-chain length of ILs were found to strongly influence the antioxidant system of D.

Embryonic and developmental toxicity of the ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide on goldfish.

The embryonic developmental toxicity of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C(8)mim]Br) on the goldfish Carassius auratus was evaluated in this study. First, the 72 h 50% lethal concentrations (72 h-LC(50)) for [C(8)mim]Br in goldfish embryos at the stages of cleavage, early gastrula, closure of blastopore, and heart beating were determined by preliminary acute toxicity tests. After that, fish embryos in different developmental stages (cleavage, early gastrula, closure of blastopore, and heart beating) were exposed to 10.

Identification of neutralizing epitopes on the VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus by phage-displayed heptapeptide library screening and synthetic peptide mapping.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the causative agent of infectious bursal disease, which is one of the most important and widespread infectious diseases in commercial chickens. Conformational epitopes have been reported in the highly variable region of the VP2 protein of IBDV. In the present study, a random heptapeptide library was screened by using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), YNW17 and YNW29, directed to the VP2 of IBDV and two peptide motifs, D-X-P-R and A-R-G, were identified.