Laboratory thrombophilias and venous thromboembolism.

Inherited abnormalities of coagulation are increasingly recognized in patients with venous thromboembolism. Common causes of hypercoagulability, also known as thrombophilia, include factor V Leiden, the prothrombin gene mutation, hyperhomocysteinemia, and antiphospholipid antibodies. Thrombophilia should be suspected in patients who develop idiopathic venous thromboembolism at a young age, recurrent thrombosis, thromboses at unusual sites, recurrent unexplained pregnancy loss, or if there is a family history of thrombotic disorders.

Normal D-dimer levels in emergency department patients suspected of acute pulmonary embolism.

Objectives: We sought to determine:1) whether normal D-dimer enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays predicted the absence of pulmonary embolism (PE) in the high-volume emergency department (ED) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, and 2) whether ED physicians accepted normal D-dimer levels as confirmation of no PE without further diagnostic testing such as lung scanning, chest computed tomography (CT) scanning, or pulmonary angiography.

Background: Although the plasma D-dimer ELISA is a sensitive screening test for excluding acute PE, this laboratory marker has not been widely integrated into clinical algorithms such as creatine kinase-MB fraction or troponin testing for acute myocardial infarction.

Methods: We mandated that ED physicians order D-dimer ELISA tests on all patients suspected of acute PE.

The accuracy of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay D-dimer test in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis.

Study Objective: We sought to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) D -dimer test in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) in the adult emergency department population.

Methods: A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and bibliographies of previous systematic reviews was conducted, with no language restriction. Experts in the field of PE research were contacted to identify unpublished studies.

Echocardiography in the management of pulmonary embolism.

Echocardiography is not recommended as a routine imaging test to diagnose suspected pulmonary embolism. However, it is useful for identifying patients with pulmonary embolism who may have a poor prognosis. It can be used for rapid and accurate risk assessment.

Acute pulmonary embolectomy: a contemporary approach.

Background: Acute pulmonary embolism confers a high mortality rate despite advances in diagnosis and therapy. Thrombolysis is often effective but has a high frequency of major bleeding complications, especially intracranial hemorrhage. Therefore, we liberalized our criteria for acute pulmonary embolectomy and considered operating on patients with anatomically extensive pulmonary embolism and concomitant moderate to severe right ventricular dysfunction despite preserved systemic arterial pressure.

Prophylaxis of Venous Thrombosis.

Mechanical measures such as graduated compression stockings and intermittent compression boots are available for venous thrombosis prophylaxis, but compliance may be limited. Plantar venous pneumatic compression devices have attained widespread acceptance by both patients and nurses because of their comfort and compact size, but their track record for efficacy is poor. Inferior vena cava filters prevent pulmonary embolism, but do not halt the thrombotic process or prevent venous thrombosis.