Antibiotic Receipt for Pediatric Telemedicine Visits With Primary Care vs Direct-to-Consumer Vendors.

Importance: Prior research found that pediatric direct-to-consumer (DTC) telemedicine visits are associated with more antibiotic prescribing than in-person primary care visits. It is unclear whether this difference is associated with modality of care (telemedicine vs in-person) or with the context of telemedicine care (primary care vs not primary care).

Objective: To compare antibiotic management during telemedicine visits with primary care practitioners (PCPs) vs commercial direct-to-consumer (DTC) telemedicine companies for pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs).

Parent-Reported Use of Pediatric Primary Care Telemedicine: Survey Study.

Background: Telemedicine delivered from primary care practices became widely available for children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: Focusing on children with a usual source of care, we aimed to examine factors associated with use of primary care telemedicine.

Methods: In February 2022, we surveyed parents of children aged ≤17 years on the AmeriSpeak panel, a probability-based panel of representative US households, about their children's telemedicine use.

Patient and Family Factors Associated with Use of Telemedicine Visits for Pediatric Acute Respiratory Tract Infections, 2018-2019.

Pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) were a common reason for commercial direct-to-consumer (DTC) telemedicine use before the COVID-19 pandemic, but the factors associated with this use are unknown. To identify child and family factors associated with use of commercial DTC telemedicine for ARTIs in 2018-2019. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of claims data from the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart Database.

Telemedicine Visits to Children During the Pandemic: Practice-Based Telemedicine Versus Telemedicine-Only Providers.

Objective: In March 2020, regulatory and payment changes allowed "brick and mortar" pediatric practices to offer practice-based telemedicine for the first time, joining direct-to-consumer (DTC) telemedicine vendors in the ability to offer visits for common acute pediatric concerns via telemedicine. We sought to characterize the relative contribution of practice-based telemedicine versus commercial DTC telemedicine models in provision of children's telemedicine from 2018 through 2021.

Methods: Using January 2018 to September 2021 data from Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database, we identified telemedicine visits by children ≤17, excluding preventive visits and visits to specialists, emergency departments, and urgent care.

Responses of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of conscious cats to anticipated and passive movements.

The vestibular system contributes to regulating sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure. Initial studies in decerebrate animals showed that neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) respond to small-amplitude (<10°) rotations of the body, as in other brain areas that process vestibular signals, although such movements do not affect blood distribution in the body. However, a subsequent experiment in conscious animals showed that few RVLM neurons respond to small-amplitude movements.

Cardiovascular adjustments during anticipated postural changes.

It is well-documented that feedforward cardiovascular responses occur at the onset of exercise, but it is unclear if such responses are associated with other types of movements. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that feedforward cardiovascular responses occur when a passive (imposed) 60° head-up tilt is anticipated, such that changes in heart rate and carotid artery blood flow (CBF) commence prior to the onset of the rotation. A light cue preceded head-up tilts by 10 sec, and heart rate and CBF were determined for 5-sec time periods prior to and during tilts.

Neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation receive converging inputs from the hindlimb and labyrinth.

The integration of inputs from vestibular and proprioceptive sensors within the central nervous system is critical to postural regulation. We recently demonstrated in both decerebrate and conscious cats that labyrinthine and hindlimb inputs converge onto vestibular nucleus neurons. The pontomedullary reticular formation (pmRF) also plays a key role in postural control, and additionally participates in regulating locomotion.