Psychiatrists' Experiences, Training Needs, and Preferences Regarding Prescription and Management of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Within Psychiatric Care.

Background: People living with mental illness (PLWMI) experience a disproportionate prevalence and incidence of HIV. Preventing HIV among PLWMI is a priority for multiple domestic public health agencies. As key clinicians for this group, psychiatrists may have an important role to play in increasing PrEP use among PLWMI.

Application in Parallel to U.S. Residency Training Programs in Multiple Specialties: Trends and Differences by Applicant Educational Background, 2009-2021.

Purpose: The medical education community is pursuing reforms addressing unsustainable growth in the number of residency applications per applicant and application costs. Little research has examined the prevalence or contributions of parallel applications (application to residency in multiple specialties) to this growth.

Method: A retrospective analysis of Electronic Residency Application Service® data provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges was conducted.

Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention at Outpatient Substance Use Treatment Facilities, United States, 2021.

To determine the percentage of US outpatient substance use treatment facilities that offer HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). We used a retrospective cross-sectional design with data from the National Substance Use and Mental Health Services Survey, which was administered to directors of US outpatient substance use treatment facilities in 2021. We evaluated the percentage of outpatient substance use treatment facilities offering PrEP and factors associated with the likelihood of offering PrEP.

Psychiatry and Family Medicine Residents' Likelihood of Prescribing HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis to Patients With Mental Illness and HIV Vulnerability.

Background: People living with mental illness (PLMI) experience disproportionately high incidence of and vulnerability to HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective and safe HIV prevention method, but data regarding prescription to PLMI are lacking. Psychiatrists may serve as important points of access for PrEP prescription for PLMI.

Parallel Application to U.S. Psychiatry Residency Programs: Trends in Frequency and Differences by Applicant Group, 2009-2021.

Objective: The present study examines trends of percent of applicants, number of specialties, and specialty combinations for psychiatry residency applicants applying to multiple specialties (parallel application).

Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of data captured by the Association of American Medical Colleges Electronic Residency Application System for applicants to psychiatry residency between 2009 and 2021. The percent parallel-applying, the mean number of specialties, mean application counts, and frequency of specialty combinations with psychiatry residency were determined.

Graduate Medical Education Curriculum Regarding the Health and Healthcare of Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ+) Adults.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) adults experience a wide variety of unique challenges accessing healthcare. These barriers may be exacerbated among older LGBTQ+ people due to intersecting, marginalized identities. To prepare physicians to address the healthcare needs of older LGBTQ+ adults, graduate medical education (GME) must include training about the specific needs of this population.

Examination of Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Ending the HIV Epidemic Priority Counties of the United States, 2005-2019.

Background: The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has been increasing in the United States, and this trend has continued alongside expanding/changing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention strategies, moving from reliance solely on behavioral interventions like condoms to biomedical methods like oral and injectable antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In 2019, the Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative was released to prioritize resource allocation to the 50 jurisdictions in the United States with the highest HIV incidence, providing an opportunity to monitor STI incidence in a national group of discrete, geographic units and identify trends and differences across jurisdictions.

Objectives And Design: Using existing data from the US CDC and Census Bureau, a retrospective analysis was conducted to examine the incidence of STIs in 49 of the 50 EHE priority counties between 2005 and 2019.

Availability of Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV in U.S. Outpatient Mental Healthcare Settings.

People with mental illnesses experience higher incidence of sexually transmitted illnesses (STIs) and HIV, and estimates show fewer than 50% have received testing. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of STI/HIV testing among United States outpatient mental healthcare service providers. Data from the National Mental Health Services Survey (NMHSS) was used to determine the rates of STI and HIV testing amongst 9,267 outpatient mental healthcare service providers in the U.

Acceptability and Effectiveness of a One-Hour Healthcare Provider Intervention Integrating HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Cultural Competence Training.

Enhanced provider training could improve PrEP access and equity. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing (a) a one-hour, group-based provider intervention integrating PrEP and Cultural Competence (PCC) training with (b) a standard HIV continuing medical education session (n = 56). PCC participants favorably rated the intervention and reported increased PrEP knowledge.

Prescription of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Medications Among Outpatient Mental Health Care Service Providers.

Objective: Long-acting injectable antipsychotic medications (LAIAPs) are a valuable and underused treatment for patients with chronic mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. This study aimed to examine prescription patterns of LAIAPs among outpatient mental health care service providers in the United States.

Methods: The authors conducted a secondary analysis of the 2020-2021 National Mental Health Services Survey to assess the percentage of outpatient mental health care service providers (N=9,433) that prescribed LAIAPs to patients.

Effects of knowledge and implicit biases on pharmacy students' decision-making regarding pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: A vignette-based experimental study.

Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM), especially Black MSM, are disproportionately affected by HIV and experience disparate prescription of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention compared to White MSM. While pharmacists are essential in efforts to scale-up PrEP, little is known about the role of knowledge and implicit biases in pharmacy students' decision-making regarding PrEP, which may elucidate mechanisms for improving PrEP access and addressing disparities.

Methods: A nationwide, cross-sectional study of pharmacy students in the United States was conducted.

Effectiveness of ocrelizumab on clinical and MRI outcome measures in multiple sclerosis across black and white cohorts: A single-center retrospective study.

Objective: To examine differences in the therapeutic response to ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who self-identified as either White or Black, assessed longitudinally by expanded disability status scale (EDSS) progression and MRI brain volume loss.

Methods: MS subjects treated with ocrelizumab were retrospectively identified. Clinical data were available for 229 subjects (White 146; Black 83) and MRI data from for 48 subjects (White 31; Black 17).

Knowledge of human papillomavirus vaccination: A multi-institution, cross-sectional study of allopathic and osteopathic medical students.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is a well-established and successful tool for preventing HPV-related cancers. However, vaccine uptake remains low, influenced by patient hesitancy around safety concerns and little opportunity to discuss the vaccine with trusted healthcare providers. We conducted a national, cross-sectional study of allopathic and osteopathic medical students regarding knowledge of HPV vaccination guidelines March-April 2021.

The Role of Social Biases, Race, and Condom Use in Willingness to Prescribe HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis to MSM: An Experimental, Vignette-Based Study.

Introduction: Daily antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a safe and effective method of preventing HIV. Clinicians' assumptions, biases, and judgments may impede access to PrEP. Specifically, concern that patients will engage in more condomless sex ("risk compensation") has been cited by clinicians as a reason for not prescribing PrEP.

Analysis of the extent of limbic system changes in multiple sclerosis using FreeSurfer and voxel-based morphometry approaches.

Background And Purpose: The limbic brain is involved in diverse cognitive, emotional, and autonomic functions. Injury of the various parts of the limbic system have been correlated with clinical deficits in MS. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively examine different regions of the subcortical limbic system to assess the extent of damage within this entire system as it may be pertinent in correlating with specific aspects of cognitive and behavioral dysfunction in MS by using a fully automated, unbiased segmentation approach.

Assumptions about patients seeking PrEP: Exploring the effects of patient and sexual partner race and gender identity and the moderating role of implicit racism.

Introduction: Daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-prevention is an essential component of national plans to end the HIV epidemic. Despite its well-documented safety and effectiveness, PrEP prescription has not met the public health need. Significant disparities between White and Black people exist with respect to PrEP prescription, as do disparities between men and women.

Willingness to Prescribe PrEP to Bisexual Men Depends on Genders of Their Past Partners: A Study of Medical Students in the USA.

Bisexual men are at increased risk for HIV compared to heterosexual men but unlikely to use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Given that biases may influence whether bisexual men are prescribed PrEP, we examined whether medical students' decision-making was influenced by the genders of a bisexual male patient's partners. Medical students (N = 718) were randomized to one of nine conditions where they answered questions about a bisexual male patient after reviewing his electronic medical record.

Examining the Correlation Between PrEP Use and Black:White Disparities in HIV Incidence in the Ending the HIV Epidemic Priority Jurisdictions.

Introduction: HIV incidence remains high in the U.S. as do disparities in new HIV diagnosis between White and Black populations and access to preventive therapies like pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Teaching Health Equity: A Medical School and a Community-Based Research Center Partnership.

Background: To address the persistent health inequities in the United States, medical education must prepare future physicians to understand the systemic causes of these inequities, as well as health care's role in alleviating them.

Methods: Limited time and faculty expertise often necessitate innovative strategies to augment existing medical education curriculum with content and experiences to expose medical students to these facets of health inequity.

Results: In this report, we describe a partnership between the Chicago Medical School (CMS), a community-based medical school, and the Sinai Urban Health Institute (SUHI), a community-focused research center in Chicago, Illinois.

Evaluating Medical Students' Views of the Complexity of Sexual Minority Patients and Implications for Care.

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) people experience many health care disparities. We aimed to determine if medical students viewed sexual minority patients (lesbian, gay, or bisexual [LGB] men/women) as more complex than heterosexual patients, even when presenting with the same symptoms, and whether this perceived complexity affected confidence caring for LGB patients. A fictional patient with an upper respiratory infection was presented with systematic variation of the patient's sexual orientation across six experimental conditions in an online, vignette-based experimental study.

Knowledge of HIV and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among medical and pharmacy students: A national, multi-site, cross-sectional study.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective strategy for preventing HIV. However, prescription of PrEP has not reached the scale that is necessary to meet the public health need of reducing HIV incidence. A factor contributing to this slow scale-up is limited healthcare practitioners' knowledge of PrEP, making PrEP education a priority.

An Experimental Study of the Effects of Patient Race, Sexual Orientation, and Injection Drug Use on Providers' PrEP-Related Clinical Judgments.

Social biases may influence providers' judgments related to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and patients' consequent PrEP access. US primary and HIV care providers (n = 370) completed an experimental survey. Each provider reviewed one fictitious medical record of a patient seeking PrEP.

Where Do Health Professions Students Learn About Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention?

Unlabelled: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is critical for ending the HIV epidemic, and a necessary part of health professions education. We present data from a US survey study ( = 2085) about educational experiences (coursework and extracurricular), in which medical, physician assistant, nursing, and pharmacy students received training about HIV risk factors and PrEP. We found a discrepancy between the percentage of courses covering HIV risk factors (84.

Effects of Patient Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity on Medical Students' Decision Making Regarding Preexposure Prophylaxis for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention: A Vignette-Based Study.

Introduction: Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a pillar of our national strategy to end the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. However, one of the largest obstacles to realizing the effectiveness of PrEP is expansion of prescription to all patients at risk for HIV. In this vignette-based study, we sought to investigate medical students' decision making regarding PrEP by presenting fictional patients, all of whom had HIV risk factors based on sexual behavior.