Informed Consent in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Narrative Review.

Informed consent for pediatric anesthesia challenges practitioners to navigate complex ethical, medical, and legal ambiguities. A patient's status as a minor does not negate the importance of his or her participation in the decision-making process but, rather, necessitates a nuanced evaluation of age and development to involve the patient to an appropriate extent. Given the complexities involved with pediatric informed consent in anesthesia practice and research, it is important to understand the experience of key stakeholders involved.

$1.8 Million and counting: how volatile agent education has decreased our spending $1000 per day.

Study Objective: Volatile anesthetic agents comprise a substantial portion of every hospital's pharmacy budget. Challenged with an initiative to lower anesthetic drug expenditures, we developed an education-based intervention focused on reducing volatile anesthetic costs while preserving access to all available volatile anesthetics. When postintervention evaluation demonstrated a dramatic year-over-year reduction in volatile agent acquisition costs, we undertook a retrospective analysis of volatile anesthetic purchasing data using time series analysis to determine the impact of our educational initiative.

PKCgamma knockout mouse lenses are more susceptible to oxidative stress damage.

Cataracts, or lens opacities, are the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts increase with age and environmental insults, e.g.

Differential phosphorylation of connexin46 and connexin50 by H2O2 activation of protein kinase Cgamma.

Purpose: Fiber cell gap junction proteins connexin 46 (Cx46) and connexin 50 (Cx50) play distinct roles in the avascular lens. The purpose of this study was to determine how protein kinase Cgamma (PKCgamma) differentially regulates phosphorylation of Cx46 and Cx50 in oxidatively stressed lenses.

Methods: Sprague Dawley rats (six week old) were used in the experiments.