The effectiveness of mammography surveillance after treatment of primary breast cancer: A single centre retrospective cohort study.

Introduction: There is a little evidence that routine follow-up of patients treated for early breast cancer (BC) to detect ibsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR), or contralateral breast cancer (CBC), is either effective or offers any mortality benefits. We report our experience of following patients with early BC for recurrences and new primaries in order to determine the role of mammogram surveillance.

Methods: Single centre, retrospective primary observational study was designed.

How do students with dyslexia perform in extended matching questions, short answer questions and observed structured clinical examinations?

There are an increasing number of students with learning difficulties attending university, and currently much debate about the suitability and ability of students with dyslexia at both medical school and once they graduate into clinical practice. In this study we describe the performance of students with dyslexia compared to fellow students in extended matching questions (EMQ), short answer question (SAQ) and observed structured clinical examinations (OSCE) and discuss the implications of differences identified. End of year assessment results for 5 cohorts of medical students were analysed.

Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen as adjuvant hormonal therapy for oestrogen sensitive early breast cancer in post-menopausal women: meta-analyses of monotherapy, sequenced therapy and extended therapy.

Adjuvant tamoxifen reduces relapses and prolongs survival in patients with oestrogen sensitive breast cancer. Development of resistance is however common. Tamoxifen can be given for a maximum of five years; although the risk of recurrences remains high after this period.

Verbal and nonverbal indices of learning during problem-based learning (PBL) among first year medical students and the threshold for tutor intervention.

Background: During problem-based learning (PBL), students brainstorm on a problem, generate hypotheses and formulate learning objectives. Certain verbal and non-verbal expressions are used by students in response to specific learning issues.

Aims: This study examines the use of these expressions as indices of the learning taking place and the tutors' threshold to intervene.

A comparison of clinicopathological features and molecular markers in british and nigerian women with breast cancer.

Background: Some studies have suggested that breast cancer in black women is more aggressive than in white women. This study's aim was to look for evidence of differences in tumour biology between the two cohorts.

Methods: This study compared the stage, grade and pathological expression of five immunohistochemical markers (oestrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], ERBB2, P53 and cyclin D1 [CCND1]) in tumour biopsies from age-matched cohorts of patients from Nigeria and England.

Association of S100A4 and osteopontin with specific prognostic factors and survival of patients with minimally invasive breast cancer.

Purpose: S100A4 and the estrogen-inducible osteopontin are alone capable of inducing angiogenesis and metastasis in rodent models for breast cancer. The present study assesses the relationship of S100A4 and osteopontin with vessel density and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in primary tumors and with survival of patients to ascertain their involvement in metastatic breast cancer.

Experimental Design: Primary tumors from 312 patients treated for minimally invasive human breast cancer were immunocytochemically stained and then assessed for the significance of their association with each other using Fisher's exact test or with patient survival over 18 years of follow-up using Kaplan-Meier plots and Wilcoxon-Gehan statistics.

A comparison of the pattern of occurrence of breast cancer in Nigerian and British women.

Studies have suggested a predominance of premenopausal breast cancer in black compared to white women. The aim of the study was to compare the age specific incidence of breast cancer in Nigerian and British women. The mean age at presentation was 43.