Inhibition of Toxic Shock Syndrome-Associated by Probiotic Lactobacilli.

Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen with many infections originating on mucosal surfaces. One common group of S. aureus is the USA200 (CC30) clonal group, which produces toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1).

Agr Regulation of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A in .

Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs A, B, and C) are superantigens. SPE A shares high sequence similarity with enterotoxins (SEs) B and C. Since SPE A is bacteriophage-encoded, we hypothesized that its gene ( ) was acquired from .

Probable enterotoxin-associated toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Background: We describe a case of a toxic shock-like syndrome in a child, which was associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis instead of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, the usual causes of toxic shock syndrome.

Case Presentation: The patient was an 8-year-old boy who developed a toxic shock syndrome-like illness, including fever, hypotension, and rash. The Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate was cultured from urine, but this organism was unavailable for toxin testing.

Host Cationic Antimicrobial Molecules Inhibit S. aureus Exotoxin Production.

Innate immune molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (for example, defensins) and lysozyme, function to delay or prevent bacterial infections. These molecules are commonly found on mucosal and skin surfaces. Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen and causes millions of infections annually.

Pathogen Stimulation of Interleukin-8 from Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells through CD40.

Many bacterial and fungal pathogens cause disease across mucosal surfaces, and to a lesser extent through skin surfaces. Pathogens that potentially cause disease vaginally across epithelial cells include Staphylococcus aureus, group A and B streptococci, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Candida albicans. We have previously shown that staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens induce inflammatory chemokines from vaginal epithelial cells through the immune costimulatory molecule CD40 through use of a CRISPR cas9 knockout mutant and complemented epithelial cell line.

TSST-1Staphylococcus aureus in Bullous Pemphigoid.

A potential role of Staphylococcus aureus in bullous pemphigoid was explored by examining the colonization rate in patients with new-onset disease compared with that in age- and sex-matched controls. S. aureus colonization was observed in 85% of bullous pemphigoid lesions, 3-6-fold higher than the nares or unaffected skin from the same patients (P ≤ 0.

Staphylococcal TSST-1 Association with Eczema Herpeticum in Humans.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a condition affecting 30 million persons in the United States. AD patients are heavily infected with Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. A particularly severe form of AD is eczema herpeticum (ADEH), where the patients' AD is complicated by S.

The SrrAB two-component system regulates pathogenicity through redox sensitive cysteines.

infections can lead to diseases that range from localized skin abscess to life-threatening toxic shock syndrome. The SrrAB two-component system (TCS) is a global regulator of virulence and critical for survival under environmental conditions such as hypoxic, oxidative, and nitrosative stress found at sites of infection. Despite the critical role of SrrAB in pathogenicity, the mechanism by which the SrrAB TCS senses and responds to these environmental signals remains unknown.

High Prevalence of Enterotoxin Gene Cluster Superantigens in Cystic Fibrosis Clinical Isolates.

Background: is a highly prevalent respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF). It is unclear how this organism establishes chronic infections in CF airways. We hypothesized that isolates from patients with CF would share common virulence properties that enable chronic infection.

Glycerol Monolaurate Contributes to the Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Human Milk.

Human milk has antimicrobial compounds and immunomodulatory activities. We investigated glycerol monolaurate (GML) in human milk versus bovine milk and infant formula for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Human milk contained approximately 3000 µg/ml of GML, compared to 150 μg/ml in bovine milk and none in infant formula.

Glycerol Monolaurate (GML) and a Nonaqueous Five-Percent GML Gel Kill and Spores.

Glycerol monolaurate is a broadly antimicrobial fatty acid monoester, killing bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. The compound kills stationary-phase cultures of , suggesting that the molecule may kill spores. In this study, we examined the ability of glycerol monolaurate alone or solubilized in a nonaqueous gel to kill vegetative cells and spores of aerobic , , and and anaerobic and () Glycerol monolaurate alone was bactericidal for all five organisms tested.