Infection and Vaccine Induced Spike Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in COVID-19-Naïve Children and Adults.

Although a more efficient adaptive humoral immune response has been proposed to underlie the usually favorable outcome of pediatric COVID-19, the breadth of viral and vaccine cross-reactivity toward the ever-mutating Spike protein among variants of concern (VOCs) has not yet been compared between children and adults. We assessed antibodies to conformational Spike in COVID-19-naïve children and adults vaccinated by BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1, and naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 Early Clade, Delta, and Omicron. Sera were analyzed against Spike including naturally occurring VOCs Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron BA.

Feasibility and Potential for Real-Time 3D Vitreoretinal Surgery Telementoring.

Purpose: To demonstrate the potential for real-time, three-dimensional (3D) surgical telementoring to enhance vitreoretinal surgical education.

Methods: The 3D video feed from a high dynamic range surgical camera (NGENUITY) was run through a 4K video capture device (Magewell USB 4K) and set as the video input for a video conferencing application (Zoom). Remote surgical viewing was then performed in two-dimensions (2D) on a computer or in 3D with a virtual reality headset (Oculus Quest 2).

Validation of a Flow Cytometry Live Cell-Based Assay to Detect Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies for Clinical Diagnostics.

Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG Ab) are essential in the diagnosis of MOG Ab-associated disease (MOGAD). Live cell-based assays (CBAs) are the gold standard for MOG Ab detection with improved sensitivity and specificity over fixed CBAs. A number of testing centers have used flow cytometry for its high throughput and quantitative utility.

Pro-inflammatory dopamine-2 receptor-specific T cells in paediatric movement and psychiatric disorders.

Objectives: A dysregulated inflammatory response against the dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) has been implicated in movement and psychiatric disorders. D2R antibodies were previously reported in a subset of these patients; however, the role of T cells in these disorders remains unknown. Our objective was to identify and characterise pro-inflammatory D2R-specific T cells in movement and psychiatric disorders.

The Scope Of Three-Dimensional Digital Visualization Systems In Vitreoretinal Surgery.

Introduction: Significant advances in three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology have allowed for the incorporation of 3D digital displays into medical and surgical devices. Despite initial adoption of the NGENUITY 3D Visualization System in vitreoretinal surgery, there are limited publications regarding its use. The generally accepted main benefits include improved ergonomics, enhanced surgical team communication and education, reduced retinal phototoxicity, increased depth of field, and display image manipulation.

Effect of aflibercept on refractory macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion.

Objective: To report short-term visual and anatomic outcomes of patients who were switched to aflibercept for persistent macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).

Methods: Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series of 17 patients with persistent macular edema secondary to CRVO (defined as intraretinal edema and either <50 µm reduction in central foveal thickness [CFT] or worsening or no improvement in visual acuity [VA] compared to baseline) despite anti-VEGF treatment who were switched to aflibercept treatment. Main outcome measures included VA, anti-VEGF treatment history, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography evaluation of macular edema and CFT.

ANALYSIS OF PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY INCISIONS USING LIVE BACTERIA.

Purpose: To analyze small gauge pars plana vitrectomy sclerotomies using live bacteria transformed with green fluorescent protein (GFP).

Methods: Twenty-eight human cadaver eyes were specially harvested for this study. Small gauge vitrectomy was performed on each eye and the wounds were closed with various techniques (sutured, sutureless, and cauterization).

INFLUENCE OF VITREOMACULAR INTERFACE ON ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR THERAPY USING TREAT AND EXTEND TREATMENT PROTOCOL FOR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (VINTREX).

Purpose: To determine the influence of vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) on treatment outcomes in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents using a treat and extend treatment regimen.

Methods: A retrospective consecutive case series of 204 eyes from 181 patients with a minimum of 1 year of follow-up at Wills Eye Hospital Retina Service. Vitreomacular interface characteristics were determined by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Phosphate, fibroblast growth factor 23 and retinopathy in chronic kidney disease: the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study.

Background: Elevated circulating concentrations of phosphate and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Retinopathy is a common manifestation of microvascular disease in CKD, but its associations with phosphate and FGF23 have not been studied. We tested the hypothesis that higher serum phosphate is associated with more severe retinopathy in individuals with CKD, independent of FGF23 and known risk factors for retinopathy.

Bilateral Straatsma syndrome with nystagmus.

Purpose: This case report presents a rare case of bilateral Straatsma syndrome with nystagmus and documents additional findings related to spectral domain optical coherence tomography and ocular fundus images.

Methods: Case report with fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography correlations.

Results: A 22-year-old man presented with extensive bilateral myelination of the retinal nerve fiber layer that encompassed both posterior poles.

Spectrum of Retinal Vascular Diseases Associated With Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy.

Purpose: To evaluate the spectrum of retinal diseases that can demonstrate paracentral acute middle maculopathy and isolated ischemia of the intermediate and deep capillary plexus.

Design: Retrospective, multicenter, observational case series.

Methods: This is a retrospective case series review of 9 patients (10 eyes) from 5 centers with paracentral acute middle maculopathy lesions and previously unreported retinal vascular etiologies.

Efficacy of intravitreal ocriplasmin on vitreomacular traction and full-thickness macular holes.

Purpose: To analyze a single center's experiences with ocriplasmin on vitreomacular traction (VMT) and the rate of VMT release, full-thickness macular hole (full-thickness MH) closure, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) changes.

Design: Retrospective interventional case series.

Methods: Single-center study of 58 eyes of 56 patients who received intravitreal ocriplasmin for VMT with or without full-thickness MH.

Combination therapy with triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizumab for the treatment of severe radiation maculopathy in patients with posterior uveal melanoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the role of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in patients who developed severe, visually compromising radiation maculopathy or progressed despite anti-angiogenic treatments.

Methods: An Institutional Review Board approved, consecutive, retrospective study from 2006 to 2009 of patients who developed severe, visually compromising radiation retinopathy manifesting as macular edema secondary to iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy for posterior uveal melanoma, were treated with a combination of intravitreal bevacizumab and intravitreal triamcinolone. Patients were evaluated with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at 2-4 month intervals following plaque removal.

Microincisional vitrectomy for retinal detachment in I-125 brachytherapy-treated patients with posterior uveal malignant melanoma.

Purpose: To analyze functional and anatomical outcomes following 23/25(+) gauge microincisional pars plana vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) in patients with radiation-related retinal detachment after successful 125-iodine (I-125) brachytherapy treatment for malignant uveal melanoma.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective case series of 102 consecutive eyes of 102 patients with history of uveal melanoma treated with I-125 brachytherapy that underwent MIVS at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. All cases were evaluated for surgical complications and local tumor control.

Models and discovery strategies for new therapies of retinoblastoma.

Introduction: Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children. Treatment success approaches 100% at specialized centers with globe-salvaging modalities. Primary management of retinoblastoma consists of chemoreduction with local consolidation, although newer techniques include local delivery via intra-arterial chemotherapy, periocular, or intravitreal injection.

Intravitreal bevacizumab combined with plaque brachytherapy reduces melanoma tumor volume and enhances resolution of exudative detachment.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate intravitreal bevacizumab as an adjuvant treatment to plaque brachytherapy in the treatment of choroidal melanoma.

Methods: This was a retrospective, consecutive study of 124 patients treated from 2007 to 2009 for choroidal melanoma with plaque brachytherapy. Patients were treated with I-125 plaque brachytherapy with 2 mm margins and 85 Gy to the tumor apex.

Early SD-OCT diagnosis followed by prompt treatment of radiation maculopathy using intravitreal bevacizumab maintains functional visual acuity.

Purpose: To evaluate the benefits of intravitreal bevacizumab in patients with visually compromising radiation maculopathy following iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma.

Methods: In this Institutional Review Board-approved, consecutive, retrospective study from 2006-2009 of patients maintaining 20/50 or better vision following treatment for visually compromising radiation maculopathy, patients were evaluated with spectral domain optical coherence tomography at 2-4 month intervals following plaque removal. Treatment with intra-vitreal bevacizumab commenced at the first signs of radiation vasculopathy on spectral domain optical coherence tomography with associated decreased best corrected visual acuity, followed by repeat injections for recurrent or persistent vasculopathic changes.

Ocular hypertension after intravitreal triamcinolone with vitrectomy and phacoemulsification.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of adjunctive intravitreal triamcinolone (IVTA) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in the setting of combined vitrectomy with phacoemulsification.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Participants: One hundred thirty-one consecutive eyes undergoing nonemergent vitrectomy with phacoemulsification and IVTA were reviewed and included in the analysis.

Retinoblastoma treatment: impact of the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose on molecular genomics expression in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on the spatial distribution of the genetic expression of key elements involved in angiogenesis, hypoxia, cellular metabolism, and apoptosis in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors.

Methods: The right eye of each LH(BETA)T(AG) transgenic mouse (n = 24) was treated with either two or six subconjunctival injections of 2-DG (500 mg/kg) or saline control at 16 weeks of age. A gene expression array analysis was performed on five different intratumoral regions (apex, center, base, anterior-lateral, and posterior-lateral) using Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 1.

Evaluation of the surgical learning curve for I-125 episcleral plaque placement for the treatment of posterior uveal melanoma: a two decade review.

Purpose: To evaluate the surgical learning curve in episceral plaque brachytherapy placement in the management of posterior uveal melanoma.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of two cohorts of 250 consecutive patients undergoing plaque placement for posterior uveal melanoma from 2002 to 2004 and from 2008 to 2009 was conducted. The plaque-tumor apposition rates verified by intraoperative echography were evaluated and correlated with surgical volume over a 19-year period.

Lasers for the treatment of intraocular tumors.

Lasers are used extensively in ophthalmology for a variety of conditions, including many choroidal and retinal tumors. With technologic advances, current therapy attempts not only to maximize survival with globe-salvaging treatment, but also to preserve vision. Each neoplasm has different indications for primary and adjuvant therapy, as well as differing laser treatment protocols.

Retinoblastoma treatment: utilization of the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (2-FG), to target the chemoresistant hypoxic regions in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors.

Purpose: To analyze the effect of the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose (2-FG) on tumor burden, hypoxia, and blood vessels in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors.

Methods: Seventeen-week-old LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumor eyes (n = 36) were treated with 2-FG and analyzed at 1 day and 1 week post a single treatment, and 1 day post a biweekly treatment for 3 weeks. Tumor sections were analyzed for hypoxia, tumor burden, and vasculature.

Laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity.

Retinal development involves a complex coordination of events that may be affected by premature delivery, leading to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a potential blinding childhood disease. The avascular retina drives further disease progression, with laser ablation reducing unfavorable anatomic outcomes as well as maintaining visual acuity. Trials have stressed the importance of early identification and treatment of threshold and high-risk prethreshold disease to improve outcomes.