p97/VCP drives turnover of SUMOylated centromeric CCAN proteins and CENP-A.

The centromere is a unique chromatin domain that links sister chromatids and forms the attachment site for spindle microtubules in mitosis. Centromere inheritance is largely DNA sequence-independent but strongly reliant on a self-propagating chromatin domain featuring nucleosomes containing the H3 variant CENP-A. Unlike other histones, CENP-A is maintained with unusually high stability in chromatin.

The plant cysteine oxidases from are kinetically tailored to act as oxygen sensors.

Group VII thylene esponse actors (ERF-VIIs) regulate transcriptional adaptation to flooding-induced hypoxia in plants. ERF-VII stability is controlled in an O-dependent manner by the Cys/Arg branch of the N-end rule pathway whereby oxidation of a conserved N-terminal cysteine residue initiates target degradation. This oxidation is catalyzed by lant ysteine xidases (PCOs), which use O as cosubstrate to generate Cys-sulfinic acid.