Metabolic clearance of select opioids and opioid antagonists using hepatic spheroids and recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes.

The opioid crisis is a pressing public health issue, exacerbated by the emergence of more potent synthetic opioids, particularly fentanyl and its analogs. While competitive antagonists exist, their efficacy against synthetic opioids is largely unknown. Furthermore, due to the short durations of action of current antagonists, renarcotization remains a concern.

Cardiopulmonary effects of phosphine poisoning: A preliminary evaluation of milrinone.

Exposure to phosphine (PH) presents with a host of diverse, non-specific symptoms that span multiple organ systems and is characterized by a high mortality rate. While a comprehensive mechanism for PH poisoning remains inconclusive, prior studies have implicated cardiac failure and circulatory compromise as potential pathways central to PH-induced mortality. In this study, milrinone (MLR), a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor used to treat cardiac failure, was investigated as a potential countermeasure for PH poisoning.

Methylene blue and monosodium glutamate improve neurologic signs after fluoroacetate poisoning.

Fluoroacetate (FA) is a tasteless, odorless, water-soluble metabolic poison with severe toxicological effects. Characterized in the mid-1900s, it has been used as a rodenticide but is comparably lethal to all mammals. Many countries have restricted its use, and modern-day accidental human exposures are rare, but recently, concerns have been raised about its application as a chemical weapon with no known antidote.

A sex-balanced rodent model for evaluating phosphine inhalation toxicity.

Exposure to phosphine (PH ), a common grain fumigant, is characterized by diverse nonspecific symptoms and a high mortality rate. Although PH poisoning is thought to target oxidative respiration, the exact mechanism of action remains largely unknown, resulting in limited treatment options. In our study, the effects of PH on female rats were assessed to elucidate potential sex-specific differences and obtain a more comprehensive understanding of PH toxicity.

Changes in murine respiratory dynamics induced by aerosolized carfentanil inhalation: Efficacy of naloxone and naltrexone.

Carfentanil (CRF) is an extremely potent opioid capable of inducing fatal respiratory depression. Naloxone (NX) and naltrexone (NTX) are opioid antagonists for which the efficacy against CRF remains largely unexplored. In this study, the effects of aerosolized CRF on respiratory function were investigated using adult male CD-1 mice.