Primary Intracranial Melanoma with Early Leptomeningeal Spread: A Case Report and Treatment Options Available.

Primary CNS melanomas are rare and they constitute about 1% of all cases of melanomas and 0.07% of all brain tumors. These tumors are aggressive in nature and may metastasise to other organs.

Systemic manifestations of traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects functioning of various organ systems in the absence of concomitant non-neurologic organ injury or systemic infection. The systemic manifestations of TBI can be mild or severe and can present in the acute phase or during the recovery phase. Non-neurologic organ dysfunction can manifest following mild TBI or severe TBI.

IκBα deficiency in brain leads to elevated basal neuroinflammation and attenuated response following traumatic brain injury: implications for functional recovery.

Background: The transcription factor NFκB is an important mediator of cell survival and inflammation in the immune system. In the central nervous system (CNS), NFκB signaling has been implicated in regulating neuronal survival following acute pathologic damage such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. NFκB is normally bound by the principal inhibitory protein, IκBα, and sequestered in the cytoplasm.

Treatment of mild traumatic brain injury with an erythropoietin-mimetic peptide.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) results in an estimated 75-90% of the 1.7 million TBI-related emergency room visits each year. Post-concussion symptoms, which can include impaired memory problems, may persist for prolonged periods of time in a fraction of these cases.

Gross and microscopic study of the filum terminale: does the filum contain functional neural elements?

Object: The filum terminale (FT) is considered a fibrous structure that extends from conus medullaris of the spinal cord to coccyx. Based on previous studies and from their own experience with intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring of the sacral nervous system, the authors postulate that the FT contains functional neural elements in some individuals.

Methods: The FT was dissected from 13 fresh stillborn cadavers (7 male, 6 female; mean gestational age 36 weeks and 1 day).

Amyloid precursor protein revisited: neuron-specific expression and highly stable nature of soluble derivatives.

APP processing and amyloid-β production play a central role in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. APP has been considered a ubiquitously expressed protein. In addition to amyloid-β, α- or β-secretase-dependent cleavage of APP also generates soluble secreted APP (APPsα or APPsβ, respectively).