Language and communication development and school readiness of children raised by grandparents or in multi-generational homes.

Background: One in ten U.S. children lives with a grandparent, and more foster children are being placed in kinship care.

Human Milk Feeding and Ultraprocessed Food Intake in Toddlerhood.

The objective of the study was to estimate associations between early-life human milk feeding and ultraprocessed food (UPF) intake at two timepoints during toddlerhood among children born at <35 weeks' gestation. Children were enrolled in the Omega Tots trial (2012-2017, Ohio) at 10-17 months' corrected age after having discontinued human milk and formula feeding. Caregivers reported children's human milk feeding history at baseline and past month diet through a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and follow-up (180 days later).

Nutritional Intake in Dichorionic Twin Pregnancies: A Descriptive Analysis of a Multisite United States Cohort.

Introduction: Twin gestations have greater nutritional demands than singleton gestations, yet dietary intakes of women with twin gestations have not been well described.

Methods: In a prospective, multi-site US study of 148 women with dichorionic twin gestations (2012-2013), we examined longitudinal changes in diet across pregnancy. Women completed a food frequency questionnaire during each trimester of pregnancy.

The timing and quality of sleep was associated with dietary quality and anthropometry in toddlers born preterm.

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine prospective associations of sleep characteristics (duration, timing, quality) with dietary and anthropometric measures among toddlers born preterm (<35 weeks).

Methods: Children participated in the Omega Tots trial at 10-17 months' corrected age (Ohio, USA; 26 April 2012 to 6 April 2017). Caregivers reported toddlers' sleep at baseline using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.

Caregiver Concern About Child Overweight/Obesity in Grandparent Versus Parent-Headed Households in the United States.

Objective: To examine the association of caregivers' concern about children's overweight and obesity status with family structure (grandparent versus parent-headed households).

Methods: Caregivers reported their relation to the child aged 10 to 17 years and the child's weight and height (National Survey of Children's Health 2016-20). Overweight/obesity was calculated using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts.

Periconceptional and First Trimester Ultraprocessed Food Intake and Maternal Cardiometabolic Outcomes.

Objective: Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) have been linked with obesity and cardiometabolic diseases in the general population but are understudied in pregnancy. We examined associations of UPF intake with gestational weight gain (GWG), glycemic, and blood pressure outcomes in pregnancy.

Research Design And Methods: Pregnant women (n = 1,948) in a prospective U.

Longitudinal Changes in Physical Activity during Pregnancy: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies.

Introduction: Exercise in pregnancy is associated with many perinatal benefits, but patterns of home, work, and commuting activity are not well described. We investigated longitudinal activity in singleton and twin pregnancy by activity domain and maternal characteristics.

Methods: In the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies cohorts, 2778 women with singleton and 169 women with twin gestations reported activity using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire at up to six or seven study visits, respectively.

Preconception hemoglobin A1c concentration in healthy women is not associated with fecundability or pregnancy loss.

Objective: To examine the relationship of preconception hemoglobin A1c, a marker of cumulative exposure to glucose over the preceding 2-3 months, with time to pregnancy, pregnancy loss, and live birth among fecund women without diagnosed diabetes or other medical diseases.

Design: A secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of women participating in the Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction (EAGeR) trial.

Setting: Four US academic medical centers.

Assessment of Caffeine Consumption and Maternal Cardiometabolic Pregnancy Complications.

Importance: Women are recommended to limit caffeine consumption to less than 200 mg per day based on risks to fetal health. Impacts of caffeine on maternal health remain unclear.

Objective: To determine whether caffeinated-beverage intake and plasma caffeine and paraxanthine are associated with cardiometabolic complications in pregnancy (ie, gestational diabetes [GDM], preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension [GH]).

Healthy dietary patterns and common pregnancy complications: a prospective and longitudinal study.

Background: Adherence to alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), alternate Mediterranean diet (AMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) has been linked to lower risks of chronic diseases. However, their associations with common pregnancy complications are unclear.

Objectives: This study investigates the associations of AHEI, AMED, and DASH during periconception and pregnancy with common pregnancy complication risks.

Changes in Diet and Exercise in Pregnant Women after Diagnosis with Gestational Diabetes: Findings from a Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Lifestyle changes are recommended for women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), yet there are few data available documenting whether women change their diet and exercise after GDM diagnosis.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess whether, and to what extent, pregnant women receiving usual prenatal care change their diet and exercise after a GDM diagnosis.

Design: This study was a post-hoc secondary analysis using data from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons (2009-2013), a prospective pregnancy cohort study.

Maternal diet patterns during early pregnancy in relation to neonatal outcomes.

Background: Research has established that maternal diet influences fetal growth and preterm birth, but most studies only evaluate single nutrients. Relations between dietary patterns and neonatal outcomes are understudied.

Objective: We evaluated associations of neonatal outcomes with maternal diet patterns derived using 3 a priori diet scores [Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), alternate Mediterranean diet score (aMed), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)] as well as principal components analysis (PCA).

Low Intake of Vegetable Protein is Associated With Altered Ovulatory Function Among Healthy Women of Reproductive Age.

Context: Diets high in plant-based protein have gained popularity due to increasing health concerns regarding consumption of animal products. Though links between intakes of certain protein-rich foods and reproductive disorders have been suggested, the relationship of overall animal and vegetable proteins with reproductive hormones among reproductive-aged women is unknown.

Objective: To evaluate the associations between the intake of dietary protein with reproductive hormones and sporadic anovulation among reproductive-aged women.

Nutrition during Pregnancy: Findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort.

Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that maternal diets are important for optimizing maternal and offspring health. Existing research lacks comprehensive profiles of maternal diets throughout pregnancy, especially in a racially/ethnically diverse obstetrical population.

Objective: The aim was to characterize diets in a longitudinal US pregnancy cohort by trimester, race/ethnicity, and prepregnancy BMI.

Vegetarian diets during pregnancy, and maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Background: Vegetarian diets are becoming increasingly popular in the USA. Limited research has examined the health consequences of vegetarian diets during pregnancy. We comprehensively examined associations of vegetarianism during pregnancy with maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Diabetes in North America and the Caribbean: an update.

The North America and Caribbean (NAC) Region faces a high burden of diabetes. In 2013, the number of children (aged 0-14 years) with type 1 diabetes was 108,600, with 16.7 new cases diagnosed per 100,000 children.