Association of Time Since Diagnosis of Pediatric Ileocolic Intussusception With Success of Attempted Reduction: Analysis in 1065 Patients.

Radiologists generally treat pediatric ileocolic intussusceptions emergently given the potential for worse outcomes resulting from delayed reduction attempts. However, the relevant literature is conflicting. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with successful image-guided ileocolic intussusception reduction in children, with attention given to the time since diagnosis.

Ultrasound imaging of bowel obstruction in infants and children.

We review the etiologies of bowel obstruction in infants and children that can be identified on ultrasound (US) including perforated appendicitis, intussusception, foreign body ingestion, colonic volvulus, intra-abdominal mass lesions, internal hernia, and stricturing inflammatory bowel disease. US can potentially identify the cause of bowel obstruction in these age groups, without the need for additional cross-sectional imaging, and can aid in patient management including interventional and surgical planning. Hence, it is important to be familiar with the sonographic imaging findings of bowel obstruction in infants and children.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Soft Tissue Vascular Anomalies: Vascular Malformations and Infantile Vascular Tumors (Non-CNS)-Child.

Soft tissue vascular anomalies may be composed of arterial, venous, and/or lymphatic elements, and diagnosed prenatally or later in childhood or adulthood. They are divided into categories of vascular malformations and vascular tumors. Vascular malformations are further divided into low-flow and fast-flow lesions.

Impact of Focused Abdominal Ultrasound Utilization on Outcomes for Children With Midgut Volvulus.

Background: Ultrasound (US) is gaining acceptance for the evaluation of midgut volvulus in children. However, its impact on clinical outcomes is unknown. We aim to determine whether using US as a first-line modality changes imaging mobilization, time to surgery and re-feeding, length of stay, and frequency of bowel necrosis, short bowel syndrome, and death.

Ultrasound imaging of bowel obstruction in neonates.

Bowel obstruction (BO) in children has a wide differential diagnosis, ranging from non-urgent conditions to surgical emergencies. Abdominal radiographs are most often used as the first imaging modality for the evaluation of obstruction. However, for some indications, ultrasound can be the primary imaging modality.

Proton-FLASH: effects of ultra-high dose rate irradiation on an in-vivo mouse ear model.

FLASH-radiotherapy may provide significant sparing of healthy tissue through ultra-high dose rates in protons, electrons, and x-rays while maintaining the tumor control. Key factors for the FLASH effect might be oxygen depletion, the immune system, and the irradiated blood volume, but none could be fully confirmed yet. Therefore, further investigations are necessary.

Enhanced RBE of Particle Radiation Depends on Beam Size in the Micrometer Range.

High-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, such as heavy ions is associated with a higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) than low-LET radiation, such as photons. Irradiation with low- and high-LET particles differ in the interaction with the cellular matter and therefore in the spatial dose distribution. When a single high-LET particle interacts with matter, it results in doses of up to thousands of gray (Gy) locally concentrated around the ion trajectory, whereas the mean dose averaged over the target, such as a cell nucleus is only in the range of a Gy.

Chromatin Organization after High-LET Irradiation Revealed by Super-Resolution STED Microscopy.

Ion-radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks can lead to severe cellular damage ranging from mutations up to direct cell death. The interplay between the chromatin surrounding the damage and the proteins responsible for damage recognition and repair determines the efficiency and outcome of DNA repair. The chromatin is organized in three major functional compartments throughout the interphase: the chromatin territories, the interchromatin compartment, and the perichromatin lying in between.

Diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence for pediatric pulmonary nodule detection on chest computed tomography: comparison of simulated lower radiation doses.

Unlabelled: The combination of low dose CT and AI performance in the pediatric population has not been explored. Understanding this relationship is relevant for pediatric patients given the potential radiation risks. Here, the objective was to determine the diagnostic performance of commercially available Computer Aided Detection (CAD) for pulmonary nodules in pediatric patients at simulated lower radiation doses.

Use of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology: Impact on Pediatric Patients, a White Paper From the ACR Pediatric AI Workgroup.

In this white paper, the ACR Pediatric AI Workgroup of the Commission on Informatics educates the radiology community about the health equity issue of the lack of pediatric artificial intelligence (AI), improves the understanding of relevant pediatric AI issues, and offers solutions to address the inadequacies in pediatric AI development. In short, the design, training, validation, and safe implementation of AI in children require careful and specific approaches that can be distinct from those used for adults. On the eve of widespread use of AI in imaging practice, the group invites the radiology community to align and join Image IntelliGently (www.

An FDA Guide on Indications for Use and Device Reporting of Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Devices: Significance for Pediatric Use.

Radiology has been a pioneer in adopting artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled devices into the clinic. However, initial clinical experience has identified concerns of inconsistent device performance across different patient populations. Medical devices, including those using AI, are cleared by the FDA for their specific indications for use (IFUs).

Diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence for pediatric pulmonary nodule detection in computed tomography of the chest.

Purpose: To test the performance of a commercially available adult pulmonary nodule detection artificial intelligence (AI) tool in pediatric CT chests.

Methods: 30 consecutive chest CTs with or without contrast of patients ages 12-18 were included. Images were retrospectively reconstructed at 3 mm and 1 mm slice thickness.

Longitudinally Heterogeneous Tumor Dose Optimizes Proton Broadbeam, Interlaced Minibeam, and FLASH Therapy.

The prerequisite of any radiation therapy modality (X-ray, electron, proton, and heavy ion) is meant to meet at least a minimum prescribed dose at any location in the tumor for the best tumor control. In addition, there is also an upper dose limit within the tumor according to the International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) recommendations in order to spare healthy tissue as well as possible. However, healthy tissue may profit from the lower side effects when waving this upper dose limit and allowing a larger heterogeneous dose deposition in the tumor, but maintaining the prescribed minimum dose level, particularly in proton minibeam therapy.

Planar Proton Minibeam Irradiation Elicits Spatially Confined DNA Damage in a Human Epidermis Model.

: High doses of ionizing radiation in radiotherapy can elicit undesirable side effects to the skin. Proton minibeam radiotherapy (pMBRT) may circumvent such limitations due to tissue-sparing effects observed at the macro scale. Here, we mapped DNA damage dynamics in a 3D tissue context at the sub-cellular level.

Working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic: surveys of the Society for Pediatric Radiology and the Society of Chiefs of Radiology at Children's Hospitals.

Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some pediatric radiologists have shifted to working from home; the long-term ramifications for pediatric radiologists and departments have not yet been defined.

Objective: To characterize experiences of working from home associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and guide expectations after the pandemic is controlled, via separate surveys of Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR) and Society of Chiefs of Radiology at Children's Hospitals (SCORCH) members.

Materials And Methods: Two separate surveys were conducted.

Lower skeletal muscle mass on CT body composition analysis is associated with adverse clinical course and outcome in children with COVID-19.

Objectives: To assess the association between body composition measures in children with COVID-19 and severity of the disease course and clinical outcome.

Methods: A retrospective study of children (< 19 years) with COVID-19 admitted to the hospital who underwent CT of the chest and/or abdomen was conducted. Data compiled from electronic medical records included demographics, body mass index (BMI), length of stay, ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation and death.

Ultrasound for Midgut Malrotation and Midgut Volvulus: Expert Panel Narrative Review.

Midgut volvulus in association with malrotation is a pediatric surgical emergency. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is necessary to avoid bowel ischemia and necrosis, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality. Historically, the fluoroscopic upper gastrointestinal series has been the preferred imaging modality for the evaluation of both midgut malrotation and volvulus, although the use of ultrasound (US) is increasing.

Performance of Pediatric Neuroradiologists Working from Home during a Pandemic at a Quaternary Pediatric Academic Hospital.

Background And Purpose: As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many radiology departments shifted to working a portion of clinical assignments from home. To determine the effect of working from home on performance, productivity, quality, and safety, we evaluated turnaround time, volume of studies, and error rates on rotations worked from home compared with in the hospital.

Materials And Methods: The number of studies interpreted per day for each neuroradiologist, turnaround times, and error rates reported to peer learning was identified from April 1, 2020, through September 30, 2020.