The Protective Effects of Gum in a Rat Model of Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease via Affecting BDNF and NF-kB.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration, including deficits in memory and other cognitive functions. Oxidative stress and free radical damage play significant roles in its pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of gum (administered at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg for 14 days) in a rat model of AD induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl).

Synthesis and evaluation of the effects of solid lipid nanoparticles of ivermectin and ivermectin on cuprizone-induced demyelination via targeting the TRPA1/NF-kB/GFAP signaling pathway.

Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and its cause is unknown. Several environmental and genetic factors may have roles in the pathogenesis of MS. The synthesis of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for ivermectin (IVM) loading was performed to increase its efficiency and bioavailability and evaluate its ability in improving the behavioral and histopathological changes induced by cuprizone (CPZ) in the male C57BL/6 mice.

Spermidine reduced neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats.

Neuropathic pain is one of the most critical types of chronic pain despite the increasing advances in medical science. Spermidine (SPD) is a natural polyamine that has wide roles in several cellular processes inducing autophagy and reducing oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SPD on oxidative stress markers and pain threshold in the neuropathic rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) model.

Sex differences in acetylcholinesterase modulation during spatial and fear memory extinction in the amygdala; an animal study in the single prolonged stress model of PTSD.

Background And Purpose: Men and women show different reactions to trauma and that is believed to be the reason behind the higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women. Cholinergic signaling has long been known to be involved in the processing of fear-related information and the amygdala is a critical center for fear modulation. The main goal of the current research was to find (a) whether trauma results in different learning/extinction of fear or spatial-related information among male and female rats and (b) if trauma is associated with different acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in the amygdala.

Role of natural mTOR inhibitors in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common and complex problems in today's society and is responsible for many socio-economic problems. Type 1 diabetes is due to a defect in insulin secretion caused by a destruction of pancreatic β cells. In contrast, the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is associated with the development of insulin resistance in the liver and peripheral tissues, a decrease in β-cell mass, and a defect in insulin secretion.

Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential of gingerols and their nanoformulations.

Ginger ( Roscoe), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is one of the most popular spices worldwide, known since ancient times, and used both as a spice and a medicinal plant. The phenolic compounds found in ginger are predominantly gingerols, shogaols, and paradols. Gingerols are the major phenolic compounds found in fresh ginger and contain mainly 6-gingerol as well as 4-, 5-, 8-, 10-, and 12-gingerols.

Dapsone reduced cuprizone-induced demyelination via targeting Nrf2 and IKB in C57BL/6 mice.

Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder wherein the myelin of nerve cells in the central nervous system is damaged. In the current study, we assessed the effect of Dapsone (DAP) on the improvement of behavioral dysfunction and preservation of myelin in the cuprizone (CPZ) induced demyelination model via targeting Nrf2 and IKB.

Materials And Methods: MS was induced in C57BL/6 mice through diet supplementation of CPZ (0.

The potential of pumpkin seed oil as a functional food-A comprehensive review of chemical composition, health benefits, and safety.

The growing interest in foods that can be beneficial to human health is bringing into focus some products that have been used locally for centuries but have recently gained worldwide attention. One of these foods is pumpkin seed oil, which has been used in culinary and traditional medicine, but recent data also show its use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In addition, some sources refer to it as a potential functional food, mainly because it is obtained from pumpkin seeds, which contain many functional components.

The role of saffron in improvement of ocular surface disease in a mouse model of Lacrimal Gland Excision-induced dry eye disease.

One of the most prevalent eye disorders is dry eye disease (DED), described by ocular dryness due to the tear insufficiency. Prolonged dry eye causes damage and ulcer to the surface of the cornea. The core of the DED mechanism is inflammation which is a biological response of the body to pathogens.

Regulation of DAPK1 by Natural Products: An Important Target in Treatment of Stroke.

Stroke is a sudden neurological disorder that occurs due to impaired blood flow to an area of the brain. Stroke can be caused by the blockage or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, called ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. Stroke is more common in men than women.

Bioactive compounds: a goldmine for defining new strategies against pathogenic bacterial biofilms?

Most human infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms growing as biofilms. These three-dimensional self-organized communities are embedded in a dense matrix allowing microorganisms to persistently inhabit abiotic and biotic surfaces due to increased resistance to both antibiotics and effectors of the immune system. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel strategies to control biofilm-associated infections.

Targeting PI3K by Natural Products: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder. In general, a child with ADHD has significant attention problems with difficulty concentrating on a subject and is generally associated with impulsivity and excessive activity. The etiology of ADHD in most patients is unknown, although it is considered to be a multifactorial disease caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors.

The Role of Natural Products in Treatment of Depressive Disorder.

Depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric syndromes that, if left untreated, can cause many disturbances in a person's life. Numerous factors are involved in depression, including inflammation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), GABAergic system, hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis, monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline, and dopamine). Common treatments for depression are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, but these drugs have several side effects such as anxiety, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, and sexual dysfunctions.

Protective effect of dapsone against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rat.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial disease of the lung tissue that causes symptoms such as coughing and asthma. It is caused by inflammatory factors and oxidative stress. In vivo model of IPF is induced by bleomycin (BLM,) a chemotherapeutic agent.

Assessment of Sumatriptan on Sepsis-Induced Kidney injury in the Cecal Ligation and Puncture Mice Model.

Sepsis is a severe systemic inflammatory response with high mortality rate resulting from different microorganisms. Cytokines activation is essential for the immune response, but in painful conditions like sepsis, cytokines act as a double-edged sword and dysregulate immune response which is life-threatening owing to multiple organ dysfunction. The abnormality in 5-HT function is involved in pathological conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, inflammation, myocardial ischemia, itch and renal injury.

Therapeutic Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extracts from the Ancient Apple Mela Rosa dei Monti Sibillini in Transient Global Ischemia in Rats.

The Mela Rosa dei Monti Sibillini is an ancient apple variety cultivated by Romans in the foothills of the Sibillini Mountains, central Italy, showing potential as a source of nutraceuticals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts from the peel (APE) and pulp (APP) of this fruit in an animal model of transient global ischemia. Chemical constituents were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS) indicating several polyphenols such as B-type procyanidins, quercetin derivatives and hydroxycinnamic acids as the main bioactive components.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.): Its Chemistry, Nutritional Composition, Toxicity, and Anticancer Properties.

The current review discuss the chemistry, nutritional composition, toxicity, and biological functions of garlic and its bioactive compounds against various types of cancers via different anticancer mechanisms. Several scientific documents were found in reliable literature and searched in databases viz Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Research Gate were carried out using keywords such as "garlic", "garlic bioactive compounds", "anticancer mechanisms of garlic", "nutritional composition of garlic", and others. Garlic contains several phytoconstituents with activities against cancer, and compounds such as diallyl trisulfide (DATS), allicin, and diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl sulfide (DAS), and allyl mercaptan (AM).

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Sumatriptan on Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats.

The liver detoxifies and metabolizes many drugs and xenobiotics which may cause hepatotoxicity due to some toxic agents. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl) is metabolized in cytochrome P450 and its reactive radical metabolites cause lipid peroxidation, cellular injury, and apoptosis. Sumatriptan (SUM), 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist, had anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.

The effect of dapsone in testosterone enanthate-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rat.

Background: One of the most common reasons for infertility is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is related to metabolic syndrome, weight gain, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Some of the causes of PCOS are dysfunction in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, insulin activity as well as over-activity of sympathetic nerves and elevation in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Trifluoperazine reduces cuprizone-induced demyelination via targeting Nrf2 and IKB in mice.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. In this disease, the immune system attacks oligodendrocyte cells and the myelin sheath of myelinated neurons in the central nervous system, causing their destruction. These conditions lead to impaired conduction of nerve impulses and are manifested by symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, visual and motor disorders.

Isofuranodiene, a Natural Sesquiterpene Isolated from Wild Celery ( L.), Protects Rats against Acute Ischemic Stroke.

The myrrh-like furanosesquiterpene isofuranodiene (IFD) is the main constituent of wild celery ( L., Apiaceae), an overlooked vegetable that was cultivated during the Roman Empire. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of IFD pre-treatment against oxidative stress and inflammatory response in an animal model of ischemic stroke.

Sodium butyrate enhances fear extinction and rescues hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder.

It is believed that impaired extinction of fear memories is an underlying cause for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are enzymes that modulate extinction by changing the chromatin structure and altering protein synthesis in the brain. Studies show that stress modifies both HDAC activity and cerebral cholinergic neurotransmission.

Role of natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Negative psychological and physiological consequences of neurodegenerative disorders represent a high social and health cost. Among the neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized as a leading neurodegenerative condition and a primary cause of dementia in the elderlys. AD is considered as neurodegenerative disorder that progressively impairs cognitive function and memory.

New Trends in the Pharmacological Intervention of PPARs in Obesity: Role of Natural and Synthetic Compounds.

Obesity is a major health concern for a growing fraction of the population, as its prevalence and related metabolic disorders are not fully understood. Over the last decade, many attempts have been undertaken to understand the mechanisms at the basis of this condition, in which the accumulation of fat occurring in adipose tissue leads to the pathogenesis of obesity- related disorders. Among the most recent studies, those on Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) revealed that these nuclear receptor proteins acting as transcription factors, among others, regulate the expression of genes involved in energy, lipid, and glucose metabolisms, and chronic inflammation.

The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to progressive neurological disability due to axonal deterioration. Although MS presents profound heterogeneity in the clinical course, its underlying central mechanism is active demyelination and neurodegeneration associated with inflammation. Multiple autoimmune and neuroinflammatory pathways are involved in the demyelination process of MS.