Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Indian cattle and buffaloes.

Background & Objectives: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne viral zoonotic disease of public health importance. Cattle and buffaloes although not showing any clinical symptoms, can be infected by the CCHF virus and act as sources of infection to human beings. The prevalence of CCHF in cattle and buffaloes is important from One health perspective for control of CCHF in humans.

: Divergence Among Indian Strains and Genetic Characterization of a Strain Isolated from Cattle.

Unlabelled: primarily affects sheep, goats and is associated with brucellosis in humans, which is one of the world's most widespread neglected zoonotic disease. The current study attempted the determination of genetic diversity through comparative genome analysis of strains reported from India with other countries. The study also reports the isolation and identification of BMNDDB8664 from a cow with a history of abortion, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), determination of virulence factors, genotyping, and comparative genome analysis.

Detection and genetic characterization indicates circulation of a possible new Theileria species (Theileria sp. Yokoyama) in India.

Bovine tropical theileriosis, a tick-borne disease, causes huge economic loss to the Indian dairy industry. Theileriosis in India is mainly caused by Theileria annulata, although the presence of T. orientalis has also been reported.

Evaluation of commercial ELISA kits for diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes in different epidemiological scenarios.

Seven ELISA kits were evaluated for the fitness of purpose in diagnosing brucellosis among cattle and buffaloes in the endemic scenarios of India. The sera (675 numbers) for the study were sourced from brucellosis-free as well as infected herds. The diagnostic sensitivity (dsn) and specificity (dsp) of the kits were determined by three approaches: based on the results of the Rose Bengal test, history of the animals (sera from infected or naïve animals), and based on the results obtained from the 'majority of the tests'.

Sero-diagnostic efficacy of various ELISA kits for diagnosis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle and buffaloes in India.

Bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), is an economically important viral pathogen affecting cattle and buffaloes. Serological assays are mostly used for detection of the antibodies, but variation has been detected in the diagnostic performances of the individual assay. In the present study, four commercially available ELISA kits {two indirect ELISA (kits A and B) and two blocking ELISA (kits C and D)} were evaluated for the detection of antibodies against BoHV-1 in Indian cattle and buffaloes (fitness of purpose).

Prevalence of antibodies to in cattle and buffaloes of different organized herds in India.

Bovine anaplasmosis is one of the most important tick borne disease in ruminants causing huge economic loss to the dairy industry. A cross-sectional study was carried out to detect serum antibodies to infection in cattle and buffaloes housed in 14 organized herds located at various climatic zones spreading over 9 different states in India. A total of 911 serum samples, collected from 667 cattle and 244 buffaloes, were subjected to a competitive enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay detecting an epitope of major surface protein 5 (MSP5) of .

Infectious bovine abortions: observations from an organized dairy herd.

Abortions in dairy animals can be caused by several infectious agents. Identification of the actual causal agent(s) is important for formulating suitable control strategies. A 3-year (2016-2018) longitudinal study was conducted in a dairy farm following an abortion storm in the mid- to late gestations.

Shedding of bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 in bovine extended frozen semen in Indian semen stations: A longitudinal analysis.

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an economically important disease of cattle and buffaloes. Following acute infection, the virus usually attains latency in the sensory neurons. Stress-induced reactivation of latency can cause the infected animals to intermittently shed the virus in body secretions including semen.

Development and laboratory validation of duplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of Brucella and bovine alphaherpesvirus from clinical specimens.

A duplex real‑time PCR was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection of Brucella and bovine alphaherpesvirus‑1 (BoHV‑1) from bovine clinical specimens. The bcsp31 gene of Brucella and gB gene of BoHV‑1 were used as targets in the assay. The limit of detection for BoHV‑1 was 0.

Evaluation of a specialized filter-paper matrix for transportation of extended bovine semen to screen for bovine herpesvirus-1 by real-time PCR.

The extended frozen semen (EFS) batches produced from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) sero-positive cattle and buffalo bulls housed in various semen stations in India are transported to the testing laboratory in liquid nitrogen (LN) for screening bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1). This procedure is laborious and poses LN related hazards. An alternative logistics for transportation of samples was investigated.

Direct typing of Canine parvovirus (CPV) from infected dog faeces by rapid mini sequencing technique.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a non-enveloped single stranded DNA virus with an icosahedral capsid. Mini-sequencing based CPV typing was developed earlier to detect and differentiate all the CPV types and FPV in a single reaction. This technique was further evaluated in the present study by performing the mini-sequencing directly from fecal samples which avoided tedious virus isolation steps by cell culture system.

E6 protein of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) expressed in Escherichia coli sans a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids, enables purification of GST-ΔE6 in the soluble form and retains the binding ability to p53.

Recombinant E6 expressed in Escherichia coli is known to form recalcitrant inclusion bodies even when fused to the soluble GST protein. This study describes the modification of the HPV genotype-16 oncogenic protein E6 in order to obtain it in the soluble form. The modified protein (ΔE6) was expressed in E.

Development of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccine and evaluation of its potency.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically significant viral disease that rampage dairy and other livestock industries in many countries. The disease is being controlled by the use of an inactivated vaccine. However, a recombinant marker vaccine, which avoids the use of live virus, may be an option for the unambiguous differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals.

Multi-antigen print immunoassay for seroepidemiological surveillance of bovine tuberculosis on Indian cattle farms.

Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic disease that is responsible for significant economic losses in many countries. The standard diagnostic method, the tuberculin test (TST) that is used in control programmes has serious shortcomings and, given the complex nature and the economic impact of the disease, a number of other diagnostic methods have been examined. The authors have attempted to characterise antibody response using the multi-antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA).

Typing of canine parvovirus isolates using mini-sequencing based single nucleotide polymorphism analysis.

The antigenic types of canine parvovirus (CPV) are defined based on differences in the amino acids of the major capsid protein VP2. Type specificity is conferred by a limited number of amino acid changes and in particular by few nucleotide substitutions. PCR based methods are not particularly suitable for typing circulating variants which differ in a few specific nucleotide substitutions.

Use of real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect bovine herpesvirus 1 in frozen cattle and buffalo semen in India.

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection in cattle and buffalo makes these animals life-long carriers of the virus which is intermittently excreted in semen. In the present study, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was validated to screen frozen semen from cattle and buffalo for BoHV-1 by amplification of the gB gene of the virus. Analysing the intra- and inter-test variability, the assay was found to be highly reproducible.

Prevalence of brucellosis and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in organized dairy farms in India.

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in organized dairy farms with history of abortion in India. ELISA and Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) were used to detect the seropositive animals and the test results indicated that 22.18% and 13.

Serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus by antigen capture-ELISA using monoclonal antibodies and chicken IgY.

Laboratory detection of specific foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is routinely carried out by ELISA and RT-PCR. Identification and serotyping of FMDV by ELISA requires polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits and guinea pigs. The polyclonal antibodies have certain disadvantages such as batch to batch variation, inconsistent yields of antibodies and limited quantity of serum obtained from individual animals.

Partial sequence analysis of VP1 of Indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus type Asia-1.

Nucleotide sequence of 3' end of VP1 (1D region) was determined using RT-PCR amplified DNA of 31 foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) type Asia-1 field isolates originating from 11 different geographically distinct states of India during the period 1987-2000. These field strains exhibited an average of 7.5% divergence among them and were found to be divergent from the Indian vaccine strains Asia-1 WBN 117/85, IND 8/79, and IND 63/72, by an average 5.

Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against FMD virus type Asia-1 and determination of antigenic variations in the field strains.

Twelve mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed against an Indian vaccine strain of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) type Asia-1 WBN 117/85. The MAbs were tested for their ability to bind to whole virus particle, trypsin-treated 146S (TT-146S) virus particle, sub-viral (12S and disrupted virus) antigens by ELISA and to neutralize virus infectivity in cell culture. Extensive characterization of MAbs revealed the existence of three different groups based on the binding of non-overlapping epitopes.