Concerns about stone free rate and procedure events of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for 2-4 cm kidney stones by standard-PCNL vs mini-PCNL- comparative randomised study.

Background: To compare the efficacy and safety of standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with mini- PCNL for kidney stones 2-4 cm.

Methods: Eighty patients were enrolled in a comparative study, they were randomly divided into mini-PCNL group (n = 40) and standard-PCNL (n = 40). Demographic characteristics, perioperative events, complications, stone free rate (SFR) were reported.

Co-treatment with Esculin and erythropoietin protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via P2X7 receptor inhibition and PI3K/Akt activation.

Renal ischemia/reperfusion (RI/R) is a critical clinical outcome with slightly reported improvement in mortality and morbidity. Effective therapies are still crucially required. Accordingly, the therapeutic effects of esculin (ESC, LCESI-MS/MS-isolated compound from Vachellia farnesiana flowers extract, with reported P2X7 receptor inhibitor activity) alone and in combination with erythropoietin (EPO) were investigated against RI/R injury and the possible underlying mechanisms were delineated.

Renal cell carcinoma in a duplex kidney in pediatric.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in children is relatively uncommon, especially in the absence of syndromes or hereditary diseases. Duplex kidney - as a common congenital anomalies in children - is usually insignificant with no serious impact or known risk of tumor association. Herein, we report a 5-year-old girl who presented with gross hematuria and a right renal mass in duplex system identified on computed tomography.

Genital-Sparing Cystectomy versus Standard Urethral-Sparing Cystectomy Followed with Orthotopic Neobladder in Women with Bladder Cancer: Incidence and Causes of Hypercontinence with an Ultrastructure Study of Urethral Smooth Muscles.

Background: Bladder cancer in women is an indication for radical cystectomy (RC) when the tumour is confined muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) of T2 N0M0, or high risk progressive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Radical cystectomy is either genital-sparing cystectomy (GSC) or standard urethra-sparing cystectomy (USC) that is followed with orthotopic ileal neobladder (ONB). Post-operative chronic retention "Hypercontinence" had been reported in different series following URS or GSC and ONB.

Comparative Expression of RAGE and SOX2 in Benign and Malignant Prostatic Lesions.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common health problem in elderly. RAGE (Receptor for advanced glycation end products) is overexpressed in multiple human cancers. SOX2 (Sex-determining region Y box 2) also functions as an oncoprotein and promotes cancer progression but the mechanisms involved remain largely unknown.

Upregulation of Twist2 in Non-Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder Correlate with Response to Treatment and Progression.

Background: Twist2 is a transcription factor and an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition that plays an important role in cell polarity, cell adhesion, and has a role in tumour invasion and metastases.

Aim: In this study, we examined the expression of Twist2 in non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC) and correlated the expression with response to treatment and tumour progression.

Methods: Data of 305 patients with NMIBC of Ta, T1 were retrieved from hospitals archives.

"Capio" for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a useful device.

Vesico-urethral anastomosis is a technically challenging part of the laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Our aim was to simplify the anastomosis-step by adopting a new device "Capio" (Boston Scientific), already known in open surgery, together with "Alesix" (Applied), a device used in hand assisted laparoscopy.

Laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy for adrenocortical oncocytoma.

A middle aged male patient (39 year old) presented with right renal pain. During evaluation a small renal stone was found in the right kidney, and a mass 6 cm in diameter related to the upper pole of the left kidney was discovered. An endocrinologic evaluation was negative and a laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy was performed.