Objective: To compare upper, middle and lower calyceal accesses for prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy regarding stone-free rates, residual stones, haemoglobin drop and fluoroscopic time.
Methods: The prospective comparative clinical study was conducted from September 2018 to March 2021 at Al- Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised patients of either gender aged 18-78 years with renal stones treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy. They were divided into three groups on the basis of calyx access: upper calyx G1, mid-calyx G2, and lower calyx G3.