The immunomodulatory effects of probiotics and azithromycin in dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via TLR4-NF-κB and p38-MAPK pathway.

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic autoimmune disease of the gut with a relapsing and remitting nature, considers a major health-care problem. DSS is a well-studied pharmacologically-induced model for UC. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and its close association with p-38-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (p-38 MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has important regulatory roles in inflammation and developing UC.

Separation of conjoined spinal cords in symmetrical pygopagus twins using intraoperative neuromonitoring: pearls and pitfalls.

Pygopagus twin is a rare congenital malformation with a worldwide incidence of 1in 200,000. Few literature reports are published regarding the matter. In some cases, neuromonitoring is essential for safe surgical separation.