Repeated or Continuous Medically Supervised Ketamine Administration Associated with Hepatobiliary Adverse Events: A Retrospective Case Series.

Introduction: Emerging off-label medical uses of ketamine for the treatment of persistent conditions such as depression and chronic pain often require repeated administration. Cases reported by other countries suggest that long-term and repeated exposure to ketamine may be associated with several risks, including but not limited to hepatobiliary damage.

Objective: We aimed (1) to characterize the association between repeated administration of ketamine for off-label medical use and hepatobiliary events and (2) to describe recent trends in the use of ketamine across different clinical settings.