Neuroimaging markers of cognitive fatigue in individuals with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Persistent cognitive fatigue (CF) is the most reported symptom in Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), but little is known about its underlying neural basis. This pilot study examined fMRI brain activation patterns during a fatiguing task in those with and without PASC. We hypothesized that individuals with PASC would show changes in CF-related brain activation within fatigue network.

Machine learning for predicting cognitive deficits using auditory and demographic factors.

Importance: Predicting neurocognitive deficits using complex auditory assessments could change how cognitive dysfunction is identified, and monitored over time. Detecting cognitive impairment in people living with HIV (PLWH) is important for early intervention, especially in low- to middle-income countries where most cases exist. Auditory tests relate to neurocognitive test results, but the incremental predictive capability beyond demographic factors is unknown.

Central auditory test performance predicts future neurocognitive function in children living with and without HIV.

Tests of the brain's ability to process complex sounds (central auditory tests) correlate with overall measures of neurocognitive performance. In the low- middle-income countries where resources to conduct detailed cognitive testing is limited, tests that assess the central auditory system may provide a novel and useful way to track neurocognitive performance. This could be particularly useful for children living with HIV (CLWH).

Auditory neural processing in children living with HIV uncovers underlying central nervous system dysfunction.

Objective: Central nervous system (CNS) damage from HIV infection or treatment can lead to developmental delays and poor educational outcomes in children living with HIV (CLWH). Early markers of central nervous system dysfunction are needed to target interventions and prevent life-long disability. The frequency following response (FFR) is an auditory electrophysiology test that can reflect the health of the central nervous system.

Sustained changes in digestive physiology and microbiome across sequential generations of zebrafish fed different diets.

Alterations to ratios of protein and fiber in an organism's diet have been shown to structurally and functionally alter its individual digestive physiology. However, it is unclear how these dietary changes may affect phenotypic changes across generations. We utilized feeding trials, morphological analyses, enzyme activities, and 16S rRNA sequencing of the gut microbiome of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to determine how variations to fiber and protein concentrations, kept consistent across sequential generations, affect phenotypic changes.

Shark spiral intestines may operate as Tesla valves.

Looking to nature for inspiration has led to many diverse technological advances. The spiral valve intestine of sharks has provided the opportunity to observe the efficiency of different valve systems. It is supposed that the spiral intestine present in sharks, skates and rays slows the transit rate of digesta through the gut and provides increased surface area for the absorption of nutrients.

Three-dimensional movements of the pectoral fin during yaw turns in the Pacific spiny dogfish, .

Fish pectoral fins move in complex ways, acting as control surfaces to affect force balance during swimming and maneuvering. Though objectively less dynamic than their actinopterygian relatives, shark pectoral fins undergo complex conformational changes and movements during maneuvering. Asynchronous pectoral fin movement is documented during yaw turning in at least two shark species but the three-dimensional (3D) rotation of the fin about the body axes is unknown.

Seagrass digestion by a notorious 'carnivore'.

What an animal consumes and what an animal digests and assimilates for energetic demands are not always synonymous. Sharks, uniformly accepted as carnivores, have guts that are presumed to be well suited for a high-protein diet. However, the bonnethead shark (), which is abundant in critical seagrass habitats, has been previously shown to consume copious amounts of seagrass (up to 62.

The effects of protein and fiber content on gut structure and function in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Chemical reactor theory (CRT) suggests that the digestive tract functions as a chemical reactor for processing food. Presumably, gut structure and function should match diet to ensure adequate nutrient and energy uptake to maintain performance. Within CRT, dietary biochemical composition is the most important factor affecting gut structure and function in vertebrates.