A kinematic comparison of alterations to knee and ankle angles from resting measures to active pedaling during a graded exercise protocol.

Saddle height is one of the most researched areas of bike fit. The current accepted method for adjusting saddle height involves the use of a goniometer to adjust saddle height so that a knee angle between 25° and 35° is obtained. This measurement is taken while the cyclist maintains a static position with the pedal at the 6-o'-clock position.

Relationship between test scores using the second and third editions of the Bayley Scales in extremely preterm children.

Objective: To define the relationship between current Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third edition (Bayley-III) scores and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, second edition Mental Development Index (MDI) to aid the comparison of population outcomes.

Study Design: MDI and Bayley-III cognitive/language scales were administered concurrently in 185 extremely preterm children (≤26 weeks) at 29-41 months of age. Cognitive and language scores were combined (combined Bayley-III score [CB-III scores]) for comparison with MDI scores.

Cognitive assessment of very preterm infants at 2-year corrected age: performance of the Italian version of the PARCA-R parent questionnaire.

Background: Serial assessments of cognitive and language development are recommended for very preterm children, but standardized neuropsychological testing is time-consuming and expensive, as well as tiring for the child.

Aims: To validate the Italian version of the PARCA-R parent questionnaire and test its clinical effectiveness in assessing cognitive development of very preterm children at 2 years of corrected age.

Methods: 120 consecutive Italian very preterm children (mean gestational age 28.

Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders.

Epidemiologic studies have, for many years, identified preterm birth as a significant risk factor for psychiatric disorders. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in neurobehavioral outcomes after preterm birth. In this article, we review clinical cohort studies of the prevalence, etiology, and risk factors for psychiatric sequelae in ex-preterm children.

Educational outcomes in extremely preterm children: neuropsychological correlates and predictors of attainment.

This study assessed the impact of extremely preterm birth on academic attainment at 11 years of age, investigated neuropsychological antecedents of attainment in reading and mathematics, and examined early predictors of educational outcomes. Children born extremely preterm had significantly poorer academic attainment and a higher prevalence of learning difficulties than their term peers. General cognitive ability and specific deficits in visuospatial skills or phoneme deletion at 6 years were predictive of mathematics and reading attainment at 11 years in both extremely preterm and term children.

Economic costs and preference-based health-related quality of life outcomes associated with childhood psychiatric disorders.

Background: Childhood psychiatric disorders may have deleterious consequences through childhood and into adulthood.

Aims: To estimate costs and preference-based health-related quality of life outcomes (health utilities) associated with a broad range of childhood psychiatric disorders during the eleventh year of life.

Method: Participants in a whole-population study of extremely preterm children and term-born controls (EPICure) undertook psychiatric assessment using the Development and Well Being Assessment (DAWBA) and the Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children.

Screening for autism in preterm children: diagnostic utility of the Social Communication Questionnaire.

Objective: Preterm survivors are at high risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The diagnostic utility of the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) in screening for ASD was assessed in extremely preterm children at 11 years of age.

Design: All babies born at <26 weeks gestation in UK and Ireland from March through December 1995 were recruited to the EPICure Study.

Psychiatric disorders in extremely preterm children: longitudinal finding at age 11 years in the EPICure study.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors for psychiatric disorders in extremely preterm children.

Method: All babies born <26 weeks gestation in the United Kingdom and Ireland from March through December 1995 were recruited to the EPICure Study. Of 307 survivors at 11 years of age, 219 (71%) were assessed alongside 153 term-born classmates.

Autism spectrum disorders in extremely preterm children.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence, correlates, and antecedents of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in extremely preterm children.

Study Design: We conducted a prospective study of all births <26 weeks gestation in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1995. Of 307 survivors at 11 years, 219 (71%) were assessed and compared with 153 term-born classmates.

Eating problems at age 6 years in a whole population sample of extremely preterm children.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of eating problems and their association with neurological and behavioural disabilities and growth among children born extremely preterm (EPC) at age 6 years.

Method: A standard questionnaire about eating was completed by parents of 223 children (125 males [56.1%], 98 females [43.

Costs and health utilities associated with extremely preterm birth: evidence from the EPICure study.

Objective: To estimate costs and health utilities associated with extremely preterm birth at approximately 11 years of age using evidence from a whole population study (the EPICure study).

Methods: The study population comprised surviving children born at 20 through 25 completed weeks of gestation in all 276 maternity units in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland from March through December 1995 and a control group of classmates born at full term, matched for age, sex, and ethnic group. Estimates of utilization of health, social, and education services were combined with unit costs derived from primary and secondary sources.

Neurodevelopmental disability through 11 years of age in children born before 26 weeks of gestation.

Background: To assess functional disability in children born before 26 weeks of gestation at 11 years of age and the stability of findings in individuals between 6 and 11 years of age.

Methods: Of 307 surviving children born in 1995, 219 (71%) were assessed at 11 years of age alongside 153 classmates. Children were evaluated by using standardized tests of cognitive ability and clinical condition at both ages.

Randomized trial of a parenting intervention for very preterm infants: outcome at 2 years.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of a neonatal parenting intervention for improving development in very preterm infants.

Study Design: A cluster-randomized, controlled trial with a cross-over design and washout period was conducted in 6 neonatal centers. Two hundred thirty-three babies <32 weeks' gestation were recruited (intervention = 112; control = 121).

Atomic layer deposition of quantum-confined ZnO nanostructures.

The modulation of optoelectronic properties, such as the bandgap of a pure-component semiconductor material, is a useful ability that can be achieved by few techniques. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used here to experimentally demonstrate the ability to deposit films that exhibit quantum confinement on three-dimensional surfaces. Polycrystalline ZnO films ranging from approximately 1.

Mutant prominin 1 found in patients with macular degeneration disrupts photoreceptor disk morphogenesis in mice.

Familial macular degeneration is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive central vision loss. Here we show that an R373C missense mutation in the prominin 1 gene (PROM1) causes 3 forms of autosomal-dominant macular degeneration. In transgenic mice expressing R373C mutant human PROM1, both mutant and endogenous PROM1 were found throughout the layers of the photoreceptors, rather than at the base of the photoreceptor outer segments, where PROM1 is normally localized.

Does mental illness stigma contribute to adolescent standardized patients' discomfort with simulations of mental illness and adverse psychosocial experiences?

Objective: Adolescent mental illness stigma-related factors may contribute to adolescent standardized patients' (ASP) discomfort with simulations of psychiatric conditions/adverse psychosocial experiences. Paradoxically, however, ASP involvement may provide a stigma-reduction strategy. This article reports an investigation of this hypothetical association between simulation discomfort and mental illness stigma.

Developmental assessment of preterm infants at 2 years: validity of parent reports.

Parental questionnaires are inexpensive alternatives to standardized testing for outcome measurement. The Parent Report of Children's Abilities has previously been revised (PARCA-R) and validated for use with very-preterm infants at 2 years of age. This study revalidated the PARCA-R for assessing cognition in a larger and more inclusive sample of preterm infants.

What the teacher needs to know.

Perspective on the paper by de Louvois ()

Cognitive and behavioural outcomes following very preterm birth.

This paper provides a review of the cognitive and behavioural outcomes of very preterm children in middle childhood. Case-controlled studies have shown that very preterm children have intelligence quotient (IQ) scores significantly lower than term peers, even for those who are free of severe disability. Authors have noted a gestational age-related gradient in IQ for those born before 33 weeks and studies have revealed particular problems in non-verbal reasoning and simultaneous information processing.

Rationale, design, and methods of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Eye Study (ACCORD-EYE).

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Eye Study (ACCORD-EYE), a prospective study of a subset of patients in the randomized controlled clinical ACCORD trial, is being conducted at enrollment and after 4 years of follow-up to assess the progression of DR with standardized comprehensive eye exams and fundus photography of 7 standard stereoscopic fields. This study aims to assess the effects of the ACCORD medical treatment strategies of tight control of glycemia and blood pressure and management of dyslipidemia on the course of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Randomised trial of a parenting intervention during neonatal intensive care.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of parenting intervention on maternal responsiveness and infant neurobehavioural development following a very premature birth.

Design: Cluster-randomised controlled trial, with a crossover design and three-month washout period.

Setting: Six neonatal intensive care units.

Developmental screen or developmental testing?

Given the high risk for residual disability in preterm infants, outcome monitoring is a crucial function of neonatal care. Provision of neurodevelopmental follow-up to at least 2 years of age corrected for prematurity forms part of national recommendations for neonatal services. This should include a developmental assessment at 2 years to identify disability.

X-linked cone dysfunction syndrome with myopia and protanopia.

Purpose: To perform a detailed clinical, psychophysical, and molecular assessment of members of 4 families with an unusual X-linked cone dysfunction syndrome associated with myopia.

Participants: Affected and unaffected members of 4 British nonconsanguineous families.

Methods: Subjects underwent both detailed clinical examination and psychophysical testing.