Reducing Visual Differences in Whole Grain Bread Prepared with Hard Red and Hard White Wheat: Application for Sensory Studies.

Consumer taste preference can be influenced by visual preference. To eliminate the influence of visual preference in the sensory evaluation of whole grain wheat, a reproducible method to eliminate color differences between Whole Grain breads prepared from hard white wheat (HWW) and hard red wheat (HRW) was evaluated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to match the color of HWW to HRW with the addition of commercially available dye solutions: McCormick black (red #40, yellow #5, blue #1), red (red #40, red #3, yellow #6), and yellow (yellow #5).

Skipping breakfast is associated with lower diet quality in young US children.

Background/objectives: Breakfast consumption has been shown to impact children's growth and development, but the influence of breakfast skipping on total daily intakes is not known. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in nutritional intakes and food consumption between children who consume breakfast versus those who do not.

Subjects/methods: Dietary recall data were assessed for 2-year-old to 5-year-old children (n = 3443) and 6-year-old to 12-year-old children (n = 5147) from NHANES 2005-2012.

Gaps in international nutrition and child feeding guidelines: a look at the nutrition and young child feeding education of Ghanaian nurses.

Objective: To examine the nutrition and young child feeding (YCF) education and training of nurses in public health clinics of Ghana's Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem region (KEEA) in relation to global health guidelines, and how nurses served as educators for caregivers with children aged 0-5 years.

Design: A qualitative study of semi-structured one-on-one and group interviews (n 21) following a questionnaire of closed- and open-ended questions addressing child feeding, nutrition and global health recommendations. Interviews were conducted in English, audio-recorded, transcribed and coded.

Contribution of snacks to dietary intakes of young children in the United States.

Nutritional quality of children's diets is a public health priority in the fight against childhood obesity and chronic diseases. The main purpose of this study was to determine contribution of snacks to energy and nutrient intakes and to identify leading snack food sources of energy, total fat, and added sugars amongst young children in the United States. Using the 2005-2012 NHANES data, dietary intakes of 2- to 5-year-old children were analysed from a parent-reported 24-hour dietary recall (n = 3,429).

Variety of fruit and vegetables is related to preschoolers' overall diet quality.

Children are encouraged to eat a specific amount of fruits and vegetables to optimize health. The purpose of this study was to assess whether consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables, respectively, was associated with a greater diet quality among preschool-aged children. Analyses were performed using a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of US children.

A Comparison of College Students' Reported Fruit and Vegetable Liking and Intake from Childhood to Adulthood.

Objectives: Fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) is below recommendations and fruit and vegetable liking (FVL) is associated with intake. Greater understanding of college student FVL and FVI is needed; therefore, the study objectives were to compare reported FVL and frequency of FVI in adulthood to recollection of FVL and frequency of fruit and vegetable offering (FVO) in childhood and identify factors related to FVL and FVI in college students.

Methods: A retrospective survey was administered via e-mail to randomly selected college students (18-25 years) from 2 Northwestern universities (n = 676).

Complementary Feeding Practices of Mothers and Their Perceived Impacts on Young Children: Findings from KEEA District of Ghana.

Objective Appropriate and timely complementary feeding practices are fundamental to a child's growth, health, and development during the first 2 years of life. This study aimed to understand (1) Ghanaian mother's complementary feeding practices, and (2) their perceived and observed impacts of complementary feeding on their children. Methods Ghanaian mothers with children 4-24 months of age were recruited from four communities in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem district in the Central Region of Ghana (n = 99).

Child Care Mealtime and Active Play Partnerships (Child Care MAPP): evaluation of a training resource Web site for enhancing nutrition education communication.

The communication component of the Child Care MAPP Web site was designed according to an established theoretical base, and was critically reviewed. The communication materials were targeted for use by trainers who educate child care providers, and may be incorporated into higher education curricula to guide nutrition educators who will be working in child nutrition and child feeding programs. Evaluation of the impact of the communication materials on a group of trainers demonstrated a significant increase in participant confidence to communicate about nutrition.

Six characteristics of nutrition education videos that support learning and motivation to learn.

Objective: To identify characteristics in nutrition education video vignettes that support learning and motivation to learn about feeding children.

Methods: Nine focus group interviews were conducted with child care providers in child care settings from 4 states in the western United States: California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. At each focus group interview, 3-8 participants (n = 37) viewed video vignettes and participated in a facilitated focus group discussion that was audiorecorded, transcribed, and analyzed.

How much is enough? Tablespoon per year of age approach meets nutrient needs for children.

Background: Adults often ask health professionals for guidance on offering the appropriate serving sizes for young children and little research is available on whether serving size approaches meet children's nutrient needs.

Objective: Determine whether three serving size approaches for young children meet dietary standards for nutrient adequacy.

Design: We examined nutrient contents of three serving size approaches for children ages 2-5 years of age: 1 tablespoon per year of age (T/y), MyPyramid, and Child and Adult Care Food Program.

"Are you done?" Child care providers' verbal communication at mealtimes that reinforce or hinder children's internal cues of hunger and satiation.

Objective: To explore the verbal communication of child care providers regarding preschool children's internal and non-internal hunger and satiation cues.

Methods: Video observation transcripts of Head Start staff (n=29) at licensed child care centers in Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada were analyzed for common themes.

Results: Adults' verbal communication with children at mealtimes emphasized non-internal cues: (1) cueing children to amounts without referencing children's internal cues; (2) meal termination time; (3) asking children if they wanted more without referencing their internal cues; (4) asking children if they were done without referencing their internal cues; (5) telling children to take, try, eat, or finish food; (6) praising children for eating; and (7) telling children about food being good for you.