Functional anatomy of pelvic floor.

Generally, descriptions of the pelvic floor are discordant, since its complex structures and the complexity of pathological disorders of such structures; commonly the descriptions are sectorial, concerning muscles, fascial developments, ligaments and so on. On the contrary to understand completely nature and function of the pelvic floor it is necessary to study it in the most unitary view and in the most global aspect, considering embriology, philogenesy, anthropologic development and its multiple activities others than urological, gynaecological and intestinal ones. Recent acquirements succeeded in clarifying many aspects of pelvic floor activity, whose musculature has been investigated through electromyography, sonography, magnetic resonance, histology, histochemistry, molecular research.

Supra-ampullar cystectomy and ileal neobladder.

Objective: This article describes both the open and laparoscopic operative techniques of supra-ampullar cystectomy (SAC).

Methods: Both open (photographs and drawings) and laparoscopic (attached DVD) SAC are explained step by step.

Results: Between May 1984 and December 2005, 31 patients with bladder tumour underwent SAC with ileal orthotopic neobladder (2 Camey I, 26 Camey II, and 3 Y).

Supra-ampullar cystectomy with preservation of sexual function and ileal orthotopic reservoir for bladder tumor: twenty years of experience.

Objective: We describe the original surgical technique of supra-ampullar cystectomy associated with ileal neobladder, and present our results in terms of preservation of sexual potency, urinary continence and cancer control along twenty years of experience.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-eight consecutive patients with bladder tumor-27 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) and 1 leiomyosarcoma-underwent supra-ampullar cystectomy with ileal orthotopic neobladder (2 Camey I and 26 Camey II) between May 1984 and June 1999. The median age of the patients was 51.

Changes in bone mineral density, lean body mass and fat content as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in patients with prostate cancer without apparent bone metastases given androgen deprivation therapy.

Purpose: We characterize the consequences of androgen deprivation therapy on body composition in elderly men.

Materials And Methods: Using a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry instrument, we determined the changes in bone mineral density, bone mineral content, fat body mass and lean body mass in 35 patients with prostate cancer without bone metastases who received luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue for 12 months.

Results: At baseline conditions 46% of cases were classified as osteopenic and 14% as osteoporotic at the lumbar spine and 40% were osteopenic and 4% osteoporotic at the hip.