Cell-type-specific expression of Nav1.6 in the developing brain of mice and its involvement in glial activation in Alzheimer's disease.

Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav's), particularly Nav1.6, are crucial for action potential generation in neurons and are linked to brain disorders. This study explores the cell-type-specific expression of Nav1.

Evolution of Robotics in Neurosurgery.

Technology and neurosurgery have gone hand in hand since a long time. Technological development of robotics in neurosurgery over the last couple of decades has been rapid, yet it still has a long way to go before it becomes a "routine" element of the standard neurosurgical procedure. Apart from the obvious advantages they have over humans, that is, precision, consistency, endurance, and reproducibility, robots also provide additional freedom of movement beyond what is anatomically feasible for humans.

Intraventricular Tumors: Surgical Considerations in Lateral and Third Ventricular Tumors.

Management of lateral and third ventricular tumors has been a challenge for neurosurgeons. Advances in imaging and pathology have helped in a better understanding of the treatment options. Technical refinement of microsurgical technique and addition of endoscopy has enabled more radical excision of tumors, when indicated, and added more safety.

Accelerated Canine Retraction by Using Mini Implant With Low-Intensity Laser Therapy.

Background The continuous increase in demand for reduced treatment times has led researchers to think in terms of "accelerated orthodontics." Generally, the duration for fixed orthodontic treatment is around two to three years. Prolonged use of braces leads to external root resorption, a high risk of caries, and decreased patient compliance.

2-Pyran-2-one-Functionalized Diketopyrrolopyrrole Dye: Design, Synthesis, and Explosives Sensor.

In this work, a 2-pyran-2-one-functionalized diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) (coded as receptor ) was designed, synthesized, and fully characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The physical properties of molecular architecture were studied employing theoretical calculations. Receptor was elegantly scrutinized for the sensing of explosive nitroaromatic compounds (NACs).

Intratumoral and Peritumoral Brain Abscess Concomitant with Glioblastoma: Report of Two Cases with Review of Literature.

Intracranial abscess coexistent with a high grade glioma, without prior surgical intervention, is an unusual occurrence. This paper presents two such cases with abscess surrounding the glioblastoma in an immunocompromised individual and abscess within the glioblastoma in an immunocompetent patient. Adjuvant therapy was tapered as per each patient's clinical response.

Intracranial Myxoid Mesenchymal Tumour with EWSR1-ATF1 Fusion Sans Myxoid Stroma - Report of A Newer Entity with Brief Review of Literature.

Intracranial myxoid mesenchymal tumors (IMMTs) are a relatively new group of tumors, first described in 2017. We report this rare variant in a 27-year-old female which was initially suspected to be a high-grade glial neoplasm. Next-generation sequencing confirmed the presence of fusion between the FET and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) family of genes.

Neuroendoscopy in the Surgical Management of Lateral and Third Ventricular Tumors: Looking Beyond Microneurosurgery.

Background: Intraventricular tumors pose a surgical challenge because of the difficulty in reaching their deep location through safe corridors and their adherence or proximity to vital neurovascular structures. Although microneurosurgery is the mainstay of surgical management, neuroendoscopy aided by adjuncts, namely, navigation and ultrasonic aspirators, has made a great contribution to improving surgical results.

Objective: This article reviews the experience of a neurosurgical unit with endoscopic procedures for intraventricular tumors.

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Presenting with Thoracic Spinal Cord Compression in a Young Adult with Thalassemia Major: A Case Report.

Background: Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) refers to the production of blood cellular components at sites other than the bone marrow, namely liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The common sites associated with this condition are the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes whereas the common conditions associated with it are myelofibrosis, myelodysplasia, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and polycythemia vera.

Case Description: This report describes a young male with thalassemia major, who presented with symptomatic cord compression due to a thoracic intraspinal lesion.

An overview of biodegradable packaging in food industry.

For many years, conventional plastics are manufactured and used for packaging applications in different sectors. As the food industries are increasing, the demand for packaging material is also increasing. Plastics have transformed the food industry to higher levels; however, conventional petroleum-based plastics are non-degradable which has created severe ecological problems to the environment like a threat to aquatic life and degrading air quality.

Recurrent Papillary Tumor of Pineal Region Misdiagnosed as Pineocytoma 9-Years Ago.

Primary tumors of the pineal gland occur infrequently with a preponderance of either parenchymal tumors or germ cells tumors. Papillary tumor of the pineal region is a rare neuroepithelial lesion that arises exclusively in the pineal region. They have been designated as either Grade II or Grade III lesions as per the 2016 WHO classification of central nervous system tumors.

Spinal Nerve Root Extradural Melanocytoma Progressing to Malignant Melanoma: A Case Report with Review of Literature.

Melanocytomas are rare benign pigmented tumors arising from the leptomeninges with a very remote chance of progressing to malignant melanoma. They have a predilection for occurring in the posterior fossa or in the intradural extramedullary region of the cervical spine. We report the first case of malignant transformation of a nerve root (extradural) melanocytoma wherein immunotherapy has been added for its treatment.

Transnasal Endoscopic Surgery for Suprasellar Meningiomas.

Aim: Endoscopic trans-nasal surgery has evolved a long way from the days of narrow corridors with high rates of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak to the present state of HD optics with better tissue differentiation, extended approaches, and use of vascularized flaps for defect closure. Trans-nasal approach is an established technique for pituitary tumors practiced worldwide. However, trans-nasal endoscopic excision of suprasellar meningiomas provides a tougher challenge in terms of instrument manipulation, tumor excision with good visual outcome, and a robust defect closure to prevent CSF leaks.

Experience with Management of Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts.

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to analyze the demographics, clinical presentation, and surgical outcome of intracranial arachnoid cysts and to review the surgical options.

Methods:  This is a retrospective observational study of 56 cases of symptomatic arachnoid cysts among all age groups treated between 2004 and 2020 at the Bombay Hospital, Mumbai. Endoscopic fenestration, microsurgical cyst excision, and shunt insertion were the interventions performed.

Scedosporium Apiospermum: Rare Cause of Brain Abscess in an Immunocompetent Patient.

Scedosporium apiospermum is a filamentous fungus causing a broad spectrum of clinical diseases especially in those who are immunocompromised. The common sites involved are lungs, skin, sinuses, eyes, bones, joints, and central nervous system (CNS). CNS is involved in invasive Scedosporiosis in the form of a cerebral abscess.

Computed Tomography Evaluation of Craniovertebral Junction in Asymptomatic Central Rural Indian Population.

 Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is a unique, mobile and complicated component of our spine which necessitates specific study pertaining to its structure as well as pathologies. This study aims to report the normative data detailing the CVJ anatomy among the rural population of Central India which would help us in understanding the joint dynamics.  A retrospective observational study was undertaken in the Department of Neurosurgery and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Maharashtra, from December 2018 to May 2019.

Customized Low-Cost Model for Hands-on Training in Intraoperative Ultrasound for Neurosurgeons: Our Experience and Review of Literature.

Background: Practical ultrasound (US) training is essential to overcome operator dependence and optimize image acquisition. For intraoperative neurosurgical application, in addition to hand-eye coordination, ultrasound training should incorporate training for visuomotor and visuospatial skills, as well as 3-dimensional depth orientation. Our agar-based, low-cost model has been developed keeping these skill sets in mind.

Giant extradural spinal schwannoma in a non-neurofibromatosis child-case report and review of literature.

Spinal schwannoma is a rare occurrence in non-neurofibromatosis (NF) pediatric patients, especially in the extradural space extending beyond two vertebral levels. Within this age group, the common extradural tumors are either soft tissue sarcomas or metastasis, often with vertebral bony involvement. Spinal schwannomas are usually benign, slowly progressive, well-defined, intradural extramedullary lesion showing homogenous contrast enhancement on imaging.

Navigated intraoperative ultrasonography for brain tumors: a pictorial essay on the technique, its utility, and its benefits in neuro-oncology.

Intraoperative imaging has become one of the most important adjuncts in neurosurgery, especially in the surgical treatment of intra-axial tumors. Navigation and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging have limitations, and intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) has emerged as a versatile and multifaceted alternative. With technological advances in ultrasound scanners and newer multifunctional probes, the potential of IOUS is increasingly being utilized in the resection of tumors.

Evolution of Pituitary Surgery.

Pituitary tumors may well be the most common brain tumors with a mean incidence of 16.7%. Even small tumors become symptomatic when they arise from functioning cells and produce devastating effects on the body.

Evaluation of the Evan's and Bicaudate Index for Rural Population in Central India using Computed Tomography.

Introduction: Evans index (EI) and Bicaudate index (BCI) are practical markers of ventricular volume and are helpful radiological markers in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Worldwide, variation exists in normative studies for both these indices. Most of the studies conducted for EI and BCI are based on the Western population data.