Controlled Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of the 2D-BiOCl/2D-g-CN Heterostructure for the Degradation of Amine-Based Pharmaceuticals under Solar Light Illumination.

Designing efficient 2D-bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl)/2D-g-CN heterojunction photocatalysts by the microwave-assisted method was studied in this work using different amounts of BiOCl plates coupled with g-CN nanosheets. The effects of coupling the 2D structure of g-CN with the 2D structure of BiOCl were systematically examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL), lifetime decay measurement, surface charges of the samples at various pH conditions, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). The prepared photocatalysts were used for the degradation of amine-based pharmaceuticals, and nizatidine was used as a model pollutant to evaluate the photocatalytic activity.

Cellulose an ageless renewable green nanomaterial for medical applications: An overview of ionic liquids in extraction, separation and dissolution of cellulose.

Cellulose is a renewable natural fiber, which has gained enormous and significant research interest and evolved as the prime and promising candidate for replacing synthetic fibers. The various sources of cellulose, which is one of the world's most ubiquitous and renewable biopolymer resources, include trees, plants, tunicate and bacteria. The renewable biomaterial in the form of nanocellulose and its composites have been included in this review having the broad range of medical applications, viz.

Tuning the constrained photophysics of a pyrazoline dye 3-naphthyl-1-phenyl-5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline inside the cyclodextrin nanocavities: A detailed insight via experimental and theoretical approach.

The modulation in the photophysics of a pyrazoline dye 3-naphthyl-1-phenyl-5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline (NPCP), when it drifts from bulk water into the nanocages of aqueous cyclodextrin solutions was investigated. The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) fluorescence band intensity was found to increase with a blue shift in the presence of cyclodextrins. The results from H NMR and HH COSY NMR spectral analysis clearly points out the position of pyrazoline ring inside the cavity and its role in complexation process.

Nanotechnology: a clean and sustainable technology for the degradation of pharmaceuticals present in water and wastewater.

Pharmaceuticals, newly recognized classes of environmental pollutants, are becoming increasingly problematic contaminants of either surface water or ground water around industrial and residential communities. Pharmaceuticals are constantly released into aquatic environments, mainly due to their widespread consumption and complicated removal in wastewater treatment plants. Heterogeneous photocatalysis appear to be one of the most destructive advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for organic contaminants and are possible to obtain complete mineralization of organic pollutants into eco-friendly end products under visible and solar light irradiation.

Microfluidic Precolumn Derivatization of Environmental Phenols with Coumarin-6-Sulfonyl Chloride and HPLC Separation.

A simple, fast, sensitive and versatile method for the analysis of phenols in water is proposed using microfluidic precolumn derivatization with the fluorogenic label coumarin-6-sulfonyl chloride (C6SCl) and HPLC separation on monolithic columns. Phenols react with C6SCl within 3.0 min in the microreactor at ambient temperature to produce phenol-coumarin sulphonamides derivatives which were separated in reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography followed by postcolumn ring-opening and fluorescence detection at λexc = 360 nm and λem = 460 nm.

Determination of the pseudoephedrine content in pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids using a microbore HPLC system interfaced to a microfluidic chemiluminescence detector.

A novel automated precolumn derivatization followed by separation using liquid chromatography for the determination of pseudoephedrine (PSE) by a microfluidic chemiluminescence detector has been developed. An on-line derivatization procedure was utilized by converting PSE into a highly light emitting species in a Ru(bipy)3(2+)-peroxydisulphate chemiluminescence (CL) system by derivatizing it with a 1.0 M formaldehyde solution.

Study on the spectral and inclusion properties of a sensitive dye, 3-naphthyl-1-phenyl-5-(5-fluoro-2-nitrophenyl)-2-pyrazoline, in solvents and β-cyclodextrin.

3-Naphthyl-1-phenyl-5-(5-fluoro-2-nitrophenyl)-2-pyrazoline (NPFP), a fluorogenic probe and its derivative NPFP-Phenylephrine were synthesized and their absorption and fluorescence properties were recorded in solvents of varying polarity. Spectroscopic studies reveal that, the solvatochromic behavior of the compounds depend not only on the polarity but also on the hydrogen-bonding properties of the solvents. The effects of β-cyclodextrin on the fluorescence properties of both compounds were studied.

Parallel microdevice for high throughput analysis of levofloxacin using tris (2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) and peroxydisulfate chemiluminescence system.

A parallel microdevice has been developed for high throughput analysis using microfluidics. The detection method is based on a chemiluminescence (CL) system based on the oxidation of tris (2,2'-bipyridyl) Ru(ll) [Ru (bipy)3(2+)] by peroxydisulfate. The device consists of a photoreactor chip and two detection chips.

Nanotechnology in environmental remediation: degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over visible-light-active nanostructured materials.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major pollutants and are considered to be one of the most important contaminants generated by human beings living in urban and industrial areas. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a VOC that has been widely used as a gasoline additive to reduce VOC emissions from motor vehicles. However, new gasoline additives like MTBE are having negative environmental impacts.

Determination of amlodipine using terbium-sensitized luminescence in the presence of europium(III) as a co-luminescence reagent.

A sensitive time-resolved luminescence method for the determination of amlodipine (AM) in methanol and in aqueous solution is described. The method is based on the luminescence sensitization of terbium (Tb(3+) ) by formation of a ternary complex with AM in the presence of tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as co-ligand, dodecylbenzenesulfate as surfactant and europium ion as a co-luminescence reagent. The signal for Tb-AM-TOPO is monitored at λex  = 242 nm and λem  = 550 nm.

Removal of Cu2+ and Ag+ from aqueous solution on a chemically-carbonized sorbent from date palm leaflets.

A chemically-carbonized sorbent was prepared from date palm leaflets by sulphuric acid treatment at 170 degrees C. Carbonization took place via the dehydration effect of the hot sulphuric acid producing a carbon with reduction property. Sorption of Cu2+ and Ag+ from aqueous solution was investigated in terms of pH, contact time, metal concentration and temperature.

Determination of meloxicam using europium sensitized luminescence in the presence of co-luminescence reagents.

A sensitive time-resolved luminescence method for the determination of meloxicam (MX) in methanol and in aqueous solution is described. The method is based on the luminescence sensitization of europium (Eu(3+)) by formation of ternary complex with MX in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline as coligand, Tween-80 as surfactant and gadolinium ion as a co-luminescence reagent. The signal for Eu-MX-1,10-phenanthroline is monitored at λ(ex) = 360 nm and λ(em) = 620 nm.

High throughput method for the analysis of cetrizine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids using a tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-peroxydisulphate chemiluminescence system in a two-chip device.

A fast, economic and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method has been developed for the analysis of cetrizine hydrochloride (CET) in pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids. The CL method is based on the oxidation of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru (bipy)(3)(2+)) by peroxydisulphate in a two-chip device. Up to 180 samples can be analysed per hour, consuming only minute quantities of reagents.

Analysis of fexofenadine in pharmaceutical formulations using tris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) peroxydisulphate chemiluminescence system in a multichip device.

A simple, rapid and sensitive method has been developed for the analysis of fexofenadine (FEX) in pharmaceutical formulations, using a tris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) [Ru(phen)(3)(2+)] peroxydisulphate chemiluminescence (CL) system in a multichip device. Various parameters that influence the CL signal intensity were optimized. These included pH, flow rates and concentration of reagents used.

Spectrofluorimetric determination of aluminium using 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylidene-(8-aminoquinoline).

A sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the rapid determination of aluminium. This method is based on the complex formation between aluminium and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylidene-(8-aminoquinoline) (HNAQ). The optimum conditions for the complex formation were a metal-to-ligand (M : L) stoichiometric ratio of 1:1, a pH of 5.

Enhancement of on chip chemiluminescence signal intensity of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) peroxydisulphate system for analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate in pharmaceutical formulations.

The effect of detection chip geometry on chemiluminescence (CL) signal intensity of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) peroxydisulphate system for analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in pharmaceutical formulations was investigated. It was observed that the design of the detection chip is very crucial and can play an important role in enhancing the CL signal intensity in this system. The CL signal intensity was enhanced 250% when a teardrop micromixer chip was used, compared to the commonly used serpentine chip geometry.

Fluorescence quenching studies of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

The analysis of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) is of great importance because of the mutagenicity and possible carcinogenic activity of these compounds, which are distributed widely in the environment. Nitro-substituents in aromatic compounds are known to quench fluorescence and NPAHs have no intrinsic fluorescence, but they can be determined using their quenching effects on other fluorophores. The quenching effects of several important NPAHs on 1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-1-naphthol,5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol,4-(2-hydroxy-4-sulfo-1-naphthylazo)-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid and 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin have been studied.

A sequential injection method for the determination of piroxicam in pharmaceutical formulations using europium sensitized fluorescence.

A simple, selective and sensitive luminescence method for the assay of piroxicam (PX) in pharmaceutical formulation is developed. The method is based on the luminescence sensitization of europium (Eu(3+)) by complexation with PX. The signal for PX-EU is monitored at lambda(ex)=358nm and lambda(em)=615nm.

A sequential injection spectrophotometric method for the determination of penicillamine in pharmaceutical products by complexation with iron(III) in acidic media.

A simple, robust and sensitive sequential injection spectrophotometric method for the assay of penicillamine (PA) in pharmaceutical formulations is developed. The method was based on the complex formation when PA is reacted with iron(III) solution in hydrochloric acid media. The deep blue colored PA-iron(III) complex produced is monitored at a maximum wavelength of 600 nm.

Chemiluminescence determination of chlorpheniramine using tris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) peroxydisulphate system and sequential injection analysis.

A sequential injection (SI) method was developed for the determination of chlorpheniramine (CPA), based on the reaction of this drug with tris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) [Ru(phen)(3)(2+)] and peroxydisulphate (S(2)O(8)(2-)) in the presence of light. The instrumental set-up utilized a syringe pump and a multiposition valve to aspirate the reagents [Ru(phen)(3)(2+) and S(2)O(8)(2-)] and a peristaltic pump to propel the sample. The experimental conditions affecting the chemiluminescence reaction were systematically optimized, using the univariate approach.

Terbium sensitized luminescence for the determination of ketoprofen in pharmaceutical formulations.

This paper explores an ultra-sensitive luminescence method for the determination of Ketoprofen (KP) in pharmaceutical formulations. The technique is indirect and exploits the luminescence enhancement of terbium (Tb(3+)) by complexation with KP (Tb(3+)-KP), which was monitored at respective excitation and emission wavelengths of lambda(ex) = 258 nm and lambda(em) = 549 nm. The effect of varying the Tb(3+) concentration and using multiple solvents was examined to determine optimal experimental conditions.

A spectrofluorimetric sequential injection method for the determination of penicillamine using fluorescamine in the presence of beta-cyclodextrins.

A simple, robust and sensitive sequential injection spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of penicillamine (PA) in pharmaceutical formulations is developed. The method is based on the formation of a highly fluorescent derivative when penicillamine is reacted with fluorescamine (FL) in borate buffer of pH 9.3.

Enhancement of the chemiluminescence of penicillamine and ephedrine after derivatization with aldehydes using tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) peroxydisulfate system and its analytical application.

A novel sequential injection (SI) method was developed for the determination of penicillamine (PA) and ephedrine (EP) based on the reaction of these drugs with tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) and peroxydisulfate (S(2)O(8)(2-)) in the presence of light. Derivatization of PA and EP with aldehydes has resulted in a significant enhancement of the chemiluminescence emission signal by at least 25 times for PA and 12 times for EP, leading to better sensitivities and lower detection limits for both drugs. The instrumental setup utilized a syringe pump and a multiposition valve to aspirate the reagents, (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and S(2)O(8)(2-)), and a peristaltic pump to propel the sample.

Spectrofluorimetric determination of zinc using 8-hydroxy-7-(4-sulfo-1-naphthylazo)-5-quinoline sulfonic acid.

A sensitive and a selective spectrofluorimetric method have been developed for the rapid determination of zinc. The method is based on the complex formation between zinc and 8-hydroxy-7-(4-sulfo-1-naphthylazo)-5-quinoline sulfonic acid (HSNQ). The optimum conditions for the complex formation were metal to ligand stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 at pH 8.

Determination of ibuprofen in pharmaceutical formulations using time-resolved terbium-sensitized luminescence.

A sensitive and specific luminescence method for the determination of ibuprofen (IB) in pharmaceutical formulations in aqueous solution is described. The method is based on the luminescence sensitization of terbium (Tb(3+)) by formation of ternary complex with IB in the presence of tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and Tween-20 as surfactant. The luminescence signal for Tb-IB-TOPO is monitored at lambda(ex) = 229 nm and lambda(em) = 545 nm.