Application of cavity ring-down spectroscopy and a novel near surface Gaussian plume estimation approach to inverse model landfill methane emissions.

Fugitive methane emissions from municipal solid waste landfills impact global climate change and reliable emissions quantification is of increasing importance. Ground-based cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) measurements were used to determine methane concentrations and isotopic compositions of carbon in CH. Then, CH oxidation through various cover materials was assessed using the Keeling plot method.

New constraints of terrestrial and oceanic global gross primary productions from the triple oxygen isotopic composition of atmospheric CO and O.

Representations of the changing global carbon cycle under climatic and environmental perturbations require highly detailed accounting of all atmosphere and biosphere exchange. These fluxes remain unsatisfactory, as a consequence of only having data with limited spatiotemporal coverage and precision, which restrict accurate assessments. Through the nature of intimate coupling of global carbon and oxygen cycles via O and CO and their unique triple oxygen isotope compositions in the biosphere and atmosphere, greater insight is available.

Assessment of methane emissions from a California landfill using concurrent experimental, inventory, and modeling approaches.

Methane flux and emissions were obtained at a California landfill concurrently using field measurements, inventory analyses, and modeling. Measured fluxes ranged from -3.7 to 828 g/m-day and generally decreased from daily to intermediate to final covers.

Seasonal Variations of Solar-Induced Fluorescence, Precipitation, and Carbon Dioxide Over the Amazon.

Previous studies suggested that the Amazon, the largest rainforest on Earth, changes from a CO sink to a CO source during the dry/fire season. However, the biospheric contributions to atmospheric CO are not well understood during the two main seasons, the dry/fire season and the wet season. In this article, we utilize Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) Solar-Induced Fluorescence (SIF) to explore photosynthetic activity during the different seasons.

A multi-city urban atmospheric greenhouse gas measurement data synthesis.

Urban regions emit a large fraction of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO) and methane (CH) that contribute to modern-day climate change. As such, a growing number of urban policymakers and stakeholders are adopting emission reduction targets and implementing policies to reach those targets. Over the past two decades research teams have established urban GHG monitoring networks to determine how much, where, and why a particular city emits GHGs, and to track changes in emissions over time.

The effect of a structured ECPR protocol aided by specific simulation training in a quaternary ECMO centre: A retrospective pre-post study.

Background: There is limited literature exploring the relationship between simulation training and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) outcomes. We examined whether there was an association between the implementation of an in situ simulation training program and ECPR utilisation, time to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and neurologically intact survival.

Methods: In this retrospective pre-post study of in-hospital cardiac arrests (IHCA) and out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA), we analysed data for all patients recorded as receiving ECPR from September 2009 to December 2020 at our institution, relative to the implementation of an in situ ECPR simulation training program and a standardised procedure for high-quality ECPR.

Assessment of Regional Methane Emission Inventories through Airborne Quantification in the San Francisco Bay Area.

This study derives methane emission rates from 92 airborne observations collected over 23 facilities including 5 refineries, 10 landfills, 4 wastewater treatment plants (POTWs), 2 composting operations, and 2 dairies in the San Francisco Bay Area. Emission rates are measured using an airborne mass-balance technique from a low-flying aircraft. Annual measurement-based sectorwide methane emissions are 19,000 ± 2300 Mg for refineries, 136,700 ± 25,900 Mg for landfills, 11,900 ± 1,500 Mg for POTWs, and 11,100 ± 3,400 Mg for composting.

Atmospheric observation-based estimation of fossil fuel CO emissions from regions of central and southern California.

Combustion of fossil fuel is the dominant source of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere in California. Here, we describe radiocarbon (CO) measurements and atmospheric inverse modeling to estimate fossil fuel CO (ffCO) emissions for 2009-2012 from a site in central California, and for June 2013-May 2014 from two sites in southern California. A priori predicted ffCO mixing ratios are computed based on regional atmospheric transport model (WRF-STILT) footprints and an hourly ffCO prior emission map (Vulcan 2.

Methane on Mars and Habitability: Challenges and Responses.

Recent measurements of methane (CH) by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) now confront us with robust data that demand interpretation. Thus far, the MSL data have revealed a baseline level of CH (∼0.4 parts per billion by volume [ppbv]), with seasonal variations, as well as greatly enhanced spikes of CH with peak abundances of ∼7 ppbv.

Oxygen isotope anomaly in tropospheric CO and implications for CO residence time in the atmosphere and gross primary productivity.

The abundance variations of near surface atmospheric CO isotopologues (primarily OCO, OCO, OCO, and OCO) represent an integrated signal from anthropogenic/biogeochemical processes, including fossil fuel burning, biospheric photosynthesis and respiration, hydrospheric isotope exchange with water, and stratospheric photochemistry. Oxygen isotopes, in particular, are affected by the carbon and water cycles. Being a useful tracer that directly probes governing processes in CO biogeochemical cycles, ΔO (=ln(1 + δO) - 0.

Carbon dioxide and methane measurements from the Los Angeles Megacity Carbon Project - Part 1: calibration, urban enhancements, and uncertainty estimates.

We report continuous surface observations of carbon dioxide (CO) and methane (CH) from the Los Angeles (LA) Megacity Carbon Project during 2015. We devised a calibration strategy, methods for selection of background air masses, calculation of urban enhancements, and a detailed algorithm for estimating uncertainties in urban-scale CO and CH measurements. These methods are essential for understanding carbon fluxes from the LA megacity and other complex urban environments globally.

A retrospective audit of insulin infusion management involving a locally developed dynamic insulin infusion guideline in a tertiary ICU.

Background: The ideal target blood glucose range for intensive care patients on insulin infusions is controversial. Avoidance of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia are well supported goals.

Methods: An audit of insulin infusion management was conducted following the institution of an insulin infusion guideline in a tertiary adult intensive care unit (ICU).

Tomato polyphenol oxidase B is spatially and temporally regulated during development and in response to ethylene.

Plant polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are ubiquitous plastid-localized enzymes. A precise analysis of PPO function in plants has been complicated by the presence of several family members with immunological cross reactivity. Previously we reported the isolation of genomic clones coding for the seven members of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) PPO family (A, A', B, C, D, E, and F).

Signaling through a mutant IFN-gamma receptor.

Activation of STAT1 and the IFN-gamma response are thought to be mediated exclusively through the Y440 motif of the human IFNGR1 receptor subunit. Contrary to this accepted dogma, here it is shown that IFNGR1 with a mutant (Y440F) motif, when stably expressed in IFNGR1-negative human fibroblasts at levels similar to wild type, can sustain a substantial IFN-gamma response. The mutant receptor supports selective induction of IFN-gamma-inducible genes but is notably defective in the CIITA, class II HLA, suppressor of cytokine signaling and antiviral responses.

Cerebral palsy and clinical negligence litigation: a cohort study.

Objective: To compare the prevalence of criteria suggesting acute intrapartum hypoxia in children with cerebral palsy who have and have not been the subjects of clinical negligence legal claims.

Design: Nested cohort study within a geographically defined cohort.

Setting: The former Oxfordshire Health Authority.

Mutational switch of an IL-6 response to an interferon-gamma-like response.

Signaling through Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) is central to the responses to the majority of cytokines and some growth factors, including the interferons (IFNs) and the IL-6 family of cytokines. The biological responses to stimulation through the widely distributed IL-6 and IFN-gamma receptors are, however, completely different. Remarkably, it is shown here that, in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking STAT3, IL-6 mediates an IFN-gamma-like response including prolonged activation of STAT1, the induction of multiple IFN-gamma-inducible genes, the expression of class II MHC antigens, and an antiviral state.