Archaeological evidence of resource utilisation of the great whales over the past two millennia: A systematic review protocol.

Archaeological faunal remains provide key insights into human societies in the past, alongside information on previous resource utilisation and exploitation of wildlife populations. The great whales (Mysticete and sperm whales) were hunted unsustainably throughout the 16th - 20th centuries (herein defined as the modern period) leading to large population declines and variable recovery patterns among species. Humans have utilised whales as a resource through carcass scavenging for millennia; however, increasing local and regional ethnographic and archaeological evidence suggests that, prior to the modern period, hunting of the great whales was more common than previously thought; impacts of earlier hunting pressures on the population ecology of many whale species remains relatively unknown.

Bone Mineral Density Response to Long-Term Bisphosphonate Treatment and Discontinuation in a Real-World Clinical Service.

Objective: Bisphosphonate treatment does not increase bone mineral density (BMD) in all subjects particularly at the femoral neck (FN). Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between response to oral bisphosphonate (oBP) at the FN and change in BMD following discontinuation.

Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from postmenopausal women on oBP for ≥3 years, attending a real-world metabolic clinic at initiation of oBP, discontinuation, and 1 to 2 years post discontinuation.

Active Bystander Training: Using Standardized Patient Methodology to Teach Residents to Navigate Microaggressions in Patient Encounters.

Introduction: Studies show that physicians and medical trainees who identify as underrepresented in medicine or as women experience higher rates of microaggressions during patient encounters. We designed, implemented, and evaluated an active bystander training workshop focused on mitigating microaggressions using standardized patient (SP) methodology.

Methods: Internal medicine faculty members and chief residents led the workshop.

Peripheral Administration of Selective Glycine Transporter-2 Inhibitor, Oleoyl--Lysine, Reverses Chronic Neuropathic Pain but Not Acute or Inflammatory Pain in Male Mice.

Aberrations in spinal glycinergic signaling are a feature of pain chronification. Normalizing these changes by inhibiting glycine transporter (GlyT)-2 is a promising treatment strategy. However, existing GlyT2 inhibitors (e.

Glycinergic Modulation of Pain in Behavioral Animal Models.

Animal models of human pain conditions allow for detailed interrogation of known and hypothesized mechanisms of pain physiology in awake, behaving organisms. The importance of the glycinergic system for pain modulation is well known; however, manipulation of this system to treat and alleviate pain has not yet reached the sophistication required for the clinic. Here, we review the current literature on what animal behavioral studies have allowed us to elucidate about glycinergic pain modulation, and the progress toward clinical treatments so far.

Communication skills among children with spinal muscular atrophy type 1: A parent survey.

Spinal muscular atrophy is one of the most common fatal autosomal recessive disorders. Children diagnosed with SMA Type 1 (SMAT1) demonstrate severe oral motor weakness and flaccid dysarthria progressing to complete anarthria. A review of literature illustrates that little has been described regarding augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) use among these children, although communication has a critical impact on quality of life and participation in daily activities.

Lower Limb Metaphyseal Bone Is Lost in Men with Coeliac Disease and Does Not Relate to Parathyroid Status.

Aims. To investigate regional lower limb bone density and associations with weight, PTH, and bone breakdown in coeliac men. Methods.

Modality specificity and integration in working memory: Insights from visuospatial bootstrapping.

The question of how meaningful associations between verbal and spatial information might be utilized to facilitate working memory performance is potentially highly instructive for models of memory function. The present study explored how separable processing capacities within specialized domains might each contribute to this, by examining the disruptive impacts of simple verbal and spatial concurrent tasks on young adults' recall of visually presented digit sequences encountered either in a single location or within a meaningful spatial "keypad" configuration. The previously observed advantage for recall in the latter condition (the "visuospatial bootstrapping effect") consistently emerged across 3 experiments, indicating use of familiar spatial information in boosting verbal memory.

Cancer incidence in professional flight crew and air traffic control officers: disentangling the effect of occupational versus lifestyle exposures.

Flight crew are occupationally exposed to several potentially carcinogenic hazards; however, previous investigations have been hampered by lack of information on lifestyle exposures. The authors identified, through the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority medical records, a cohort of 16,329 flight crew and 3,165 air traffic control officers (ATCOs) and assembled data on their occupational and lifestyle exposures. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were estimated to compare cancer incidence in each occupation to that of the general population; internal analyses were conducted by fitting Cox regression models.

The annual incapacitation rate of commercial pilots.

Introduction: Scant data are available on the annual incapacitation rate of aircrew. This study analyzes all incapacitations occurring among UK commercial pilots, in flight and off duty, in 2004 to derive a baseline minimum annual incapacitation rate for the UK commercial pilot population.

Method: The study cohort was all professional pilots holding a valid UK/JAR (Joint Aviation Requirements) Class 1 medical certificate and license in 2004.

Matched-cohort study of body composition, physical function, and quality of life in men with idiopathic vertebral fracture.

Objective: To determine the effect of 6 years of routine management on body composition, physical functioning, and quality of life, and their interrelationships, in men with idiopathic vertebral fracture.

Methods: Twenty men with idiopathic vertebral fracture (patients: mean ± SD age 58 ± 6 years) were age and height matched to 28 healthy controls with no known disease. The primary outcome was skeletal muscle mass (appendicular lean mass by dual x-ray absorptiometry) assessed at 2 visits (0 and 6 years).

Cause-specific mortality in professional flight crew and air traffic control officers: findings from two UK population-based cohorts of over 20,000 subjects.

Objective: Flight crew are exposed to several potential occupational hazards. This study compares mortality rates in UK flight crew to those in air traffic control officers (ATCOs) and the general population.

Methods: A total of 19,489 flight crew and ATCOs were identified from the UK Civil Aviation Authority medical records and followed to the end of 2006.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among UK commercial pilots.

Aim: This study is one of the largest ever completed to examine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among commercial aircrew.

Method And Results: A retrospective cross-sectional study comparing prevalence of CVD risk factors age, body mass index (BMI), overweight and obesity, current smoking status, hypertension, and diabetes among commercial aircrew and the UK general population. A total of 14,379 subject records were eligible for the study.

Application of a cardiovascular disease risk prediction model among commercial pilots.

Introduction: It has been suggested that integrated cardiovascular risk management guidelines and absolute cardiovascular risk prediction scores should be used routinely in aeromedical risk assessment. In this study a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction model has been applied to UK commercial pilots as an occupational group.

Method: This retrospective cross-sectional study measured the variables age, sex, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, current smoking, and diabetes status of commercial pilots.

Reproductive history and adverse pregnancy outcomes in commercial flight crew and air traffic control officers in the United kingdom.

Objective: To examine reproductive outcomes among flight crew.

Methods: Ten thousand two hundred five flight crew members and a control group of 2118 air traffic control officers completed a questionnaire in 2001 to 2004, United Kingdom.

Results: Similar proportions of flight crew and air traffic control officers reported having ever had difficulties in conceiving a baby.

Increased circulating Dickkopf-1 in Paget's disease of bone.

Unlabelled: Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) is a secreted inhibitor of Wnt signaling which in adults regulates bone turnover. Dkk-1 over-production is implicated in osteolytic disease where it inhibits bone formation and stimulates bone breakdown. Recently it was reported that osteoblastic cells from Paget's disease of bone (PDB) over-expressed Dkk-1.

Lifestyle of UK commercial aircrews relative to air traffic controllers and the general population.

Introduction: Commercial aircrews are exposed to potential occupational hazards and, recently, epidemiological studies have examined their morbidity and mortality relative to the general population. Aircrews are, however, likely to differ from the general population in several respects which may affect the validity of such comparisons.

Methods: A cohort of 17,990 commercial aircrews was identified through the United Kingdom (UK) Civil Aviation Authority medical records and is being followed for morbidity and mortality.

Cardiac effects of anthracycline treatment and their implications for aeromedical certification.

Introduction: In 1997 an autopsy on a professional pilot killed in an aircraft accident demonstrated myocardial fibrosis, thought to be the result of previous anthracycline treatment. The United Kingdom (UK) Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) was tasked with investigating the possible dangers to flight safety of treatment with this type of chemotherapy.

Methods: From CAA computer records of 18,319 professional license holders, 14 were identified as having received anthracycline treatment.

Drug interaction in a renal transplant patient: cyclosporin-Neoral and orlistat.

An overweight 56-year-old type II diabetic on peritoneal dialysis (body mass index 35 kg/m(2)) was taking Orlistat for some months up until live-unrelated renal transplantation. Despite oral cyclosporin A (CyA) for 48 hours pretransplantation, it was very difficult to achieve adequate CyA blood levels for the first week postengraftment despite the use of much larger oral CyA doses. After opening his bowels on day 7, and the use of 3 days intravenous CyA, good CyA blood levels were achieved then maintained with conventional oral doses.