Ant-plant mutualisms should be viewed as symbiotic communities.

Ant-plants provide food and nesting space (domatia) for ants that protect them against herbivores. These mutualisms are often very specific and are usually considered as bipartite, or tripartite when ants use hemipterans as trophobionts. However, fungi growing inside domatia have been recorded by a few authors.

Morphological phylogenetic analysis of the Africana genus (Nematoda: Heterakidae).

A morphological phylogenetic hypothesis of the relationships among the species of Africana is provided. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that Squamata or Amphibia were ancestral hosts for species of Africana, with dispersal events to Testudinidae; a second transfer to amphibians is also suggested. On the basis of biological data for these parasites and the paleogeographic reconstructions, a South American origin for Africana spp.

Two new heterakid (Nematoda) species from Kinixys erosa (Schweigger, 1812), (Chelonii: Testudinidae) in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Two species of Africana Tavassos, 1920 (Africana kinixysae n. sp. and Africana congoensis n.

A new nematode (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from the lizard, Chamaeleo inturensis (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae) from the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Maracaya africana n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from the large intestine of the lizard Chamaeleo inturensis collected in Democratic Republic of Congo is described and illustrated.

Epidemiology and biology of nematodofauna affecting Testudo hermanni, Testudo graeca and Testudo marginata in Italy.

Tortoises of the genus Testudo living in Italy are Testudo hermanni, Testudo graeca and Testudo marginata. Although a great deal of information has been acquired on the internal medicine and surgery on these animals, little is known of their parasitological fauna. A survey on the presence of gastro-intestinal parasitic nematodes in tortoises bred in Italy was carried out to acquire extensive epidemiological data.

Descriptions of Tachygonetria africana n. sp. and T. pretoriensis n. sp. and redescriptions of two other species of Tachygonetria Wedl, 1862 (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae), all parasitic in Geochelone pardalis (Testudinidae) from South Africa.

Two new species of Tachygonetria, T. africana n. sp.

Description and redescription of Haliotrema species (Monogenoidea: Poloyonchoinea: Dactylogyridae) parasitizing butterfly fishes (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean.

Haliotrema species are described and/or reported from the gills of butterfly fishes (Chaetodontidae) from coral reefs of the Indo-West Pacific islands: Moorea (French Polynesia), Palau (Micronesia), Wallis (Wallis and Futuna), New Caledonia, Lizard Island and Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Haliotrema angelopterum sp. nov.

Descriptions of two new species of the genus Tachygonetria Wedl, 1862 (Nematoda-Pharyngodonidae) and discussion of the relationships among the species of the genus.

Two species of pinworm, parasites of Testudo graeca Linneaus, 1758 from Morocco, are described: Tachygonetria poulini sp. nov. and Tachygonetria settatensis sp.

Description of Tachygonetria combesi n. sp. and redescriptions of four species of Tachygonetria Wedl, 1862 (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae), with a new diagnosis of the genus.

The generic diagnosis of Tachygonetria Wedl, 1862 is modified based on the study and redescription of Tachygonetria vivipara Wedl, 1862 (collected from large intestine of Uromastyx acanthinurus Bell, from North Africa) and T. dentata (Drasche, 1883) (collected from large intestine of Testudo graeca Linnaeus in Settat, Morocco and T. hermanni Gmelin in Catalonia, Spain).